Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians (A Report of The Expert Group of The Indian Council of Medical Research)

$40
FREE Delivery
Quantity
Delivery Ships in 1-3 days
Item Code: NAK468
Publisher: Indian Council of Medical Research
Language: English
Edition: 2013
Pages: 265
Cover: Paperback
Other Details 9.5 inch X 7.0 inch
Weight 490 gm
Fully insured
Fully insured
Shipped to 153 countries
Shipped to 153 countries
More than 1M+ customers worldwide
More than 1M+ customers worldwide
100% Made in India
100% Made in India
23 years in business
23 years in business
Book Description
Introduction

In India, the first attempt to define nutrient requirements and desirable dietary intakes of nutrients for Indians to maintain good health was made by the Nutrition Advisory Committee of the Indian Research Fund Association [Now Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)] in 1944 (1.1). This followed the recommendations made by the Technical Committee of the Health Committee, League of Nations in 1936 (1.2), Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council, USA, 1944 (1.3) and Report of the Committee of Nutrition, British Medical Association 1933 (1.4). At that time, requirements and allowances of only energy, protein, iron, calcium, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and vitamin 0 for Indians were considered. Considering these recommendations, a typical balanced diet based on habitual Indian dietary habits was formulated to provide all the nutrients for a normal adult man of 55 kg and a normal adult woman of 45 kg body weight (1.5). This was used to demonstrate that the diet then consumed by Indians, particularly by the poor, was deficient in several nutrients and could be improved by inclusion of some protective foods.

The Current Nutrition Scenario In India

India, being a country in developmental transition, faces the dual burden of pre-transition diseases like undernutrition and infectious diseases as well as post-transition, lifestyle-related degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. According to recent National Family Health Survey (1.6) and UNICEF reports (1.7), 46% of preschool children and 30% of adults in India suffer from moderate and severe grades of protein-calorie malnutrition as judged by anthropometric indicators. Currently, India is in nutrition transition with 10% rural adults and 20% urban adults suffering from overnutrition, leading to an emerging double burden of malnutrition (1.8).

Though severe clinical forms of PCM - kwashiorkor and marasmus have become rare, they persist in some less developed states like Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Over 50% women (particularly pregnant women) and children suffer from iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), aggravated by helminthic infections. Though blindness due to vitamin A deficiency has become rare, a recent survey shows that milder grades of deficiency as judged by clinical signs like night blindness and Bitot spots and low serum vitamin A levels, are common (1.9). Deficiencies of other micronutrients like some B-complex vitamins particularly riboflavin, folic acid and perhaps vitamin B12 are also common. Rickets has become rare, but recent studies from North and South India show that vitamin D deficiency as judged by serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin O2 exists in adults. This, besides low intake of calcium, may be responsible for the high prevalence of osteoporosis particularly in women. Recently, ICMR conducted a Task Force Study on prevalence of osteoporosis in India. The problem of severe forms of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) (an environmental problem) has been considerably reduced after universalization of Iodized salt. However due to implementation infirmities, milder forms of IDD persist in many districts. For every frank case of nutrition deficiency, there are dozens of others who suffer from sub-clinical malnutrition.

Revision of Human Nutrient Requirements

In the wake of reports by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on calorie (1.10, 1.11) and protein (1.12) in 1950 and 1957 respectively, an attempt was made by the ICMR in 1958 through its Nutrition Advisory Committee (NAC) to revise protein and calorie requirements of Indians, based on data available at that time (1.13). In 1968, the requirements of all nutrients except energy were reviewed by an Expert Committee constituted by ICMR (1.14). In arriving at these new recommendations, the international data provided by the FAO/WHO Expert Group and those generated by then in India, were used. In 1978, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Indians were again reviewed by another Expert Group of the ICMR and RDAs of several nutrients were revised (1.15). In the recommendations made by the ICMR Expert Group in 1968 and 1978, a wide range of balanced diets for different age and sex groups were formulated which, if consumed, could ensure a daily intake of all nutrients at the recommended levels.

The recommendations on human protein and energy requirements were again revised by a Joint Expert Group of FAO, WHO and United Nations University (UNU) in 1985 (1.16). In arriving at human energy requirement, this International Expert Group followed an entirely new set of guidelines.

Energy allowances for Indians, which were recommended in 1958, had not been revised till 1988. In 1988, an Expert Group was constituted by the ICMR. This Indian Expert Group, while following the new guidelines of the Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Consultative Group of 1985(1.16), also considered the updated data on Indians that had accumulated after 1973 (1.17), to define the energy and protein requirements of Indians. This Expert Group also defined the requirement of other nutrients like fat, vitamin D and vitamin A. No changes were, however, made in the recommendations on the requirement of B-complex vitamins, iron and calcium. This Expert Group included in its recommendations, several additional nutrients such as dietary fiber, electrolytes, phosphorus, vitamin E and vitamin K or dietary factors not considered by the earlier ICMR Expert Committees and made provisional recommendations on their desirable intakes to maintain good health. Dietary fat requirements were examined in greater detail and recommendations regarding the requirement in terms of invisible and visible fat were made (1.18). The reference body weights of normal healthy adult man, woman and children were also altered based on body weight data on healthy normal adults and children then obtained by National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) (1.19, 1.20).

The FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation considered the revision of human nutrient requirements again after 2000. One Committee revised the requirement of micronutrients in 2001 (1.21), energy in 2004 (1.22) and protein in 2007 (1.23). In its revision, the international expert group considered several other micronutrient requirements of humans. The energy requirement, particularly of children 1-10 years was based on stable oxygen use and energy requirement of adults was guided by widespread prevalence of overweight and obesity in the west. In case of proteins, requirement of indispensable amino acids (IAA) was discussed in greater detail and RDA for IAA were also included.

It is more than 15 years since nutrient requirements and RDA was recommended for Indians. In the meantime, there has been much change in the concept of human energy requirements based on actual measurements (double isotopic ratio methods) and the requirement of several micronutrients has also been reconsidered in the recent past. In view of these international developments, ICMR constituted an Expert Group to revise and upgrade the earlier RDA of nutrients for Indians.

 

Contents

 

  Preamble i
  Members of the Expert Committee and Resource Persons iv
  Summary of Recommendations vii
1 Introduction 1
2 General Considerations 6
3 Reference Body Weights 11
4 Energy 19
5 Protein 54
6 Fat 90
7 Dietary Fiber 112
8 Minerals 122
8.1 Calcium and Phosphorus 122
8.2 Magnesium 142
8.3 Sodium 148
8.4 Potassium 153
9 Iron 157
10 Zinc 174
11 Trace Elements 180
11.1 Copper, Manganese and Chromium 180
11.2 Selenium 184
11.3 Iodine 188
12 Water Soluble Vitamins 194
12.1 Thiamine 194
12.2 Riboflavin 198
12.3 Niacin 202
12.4 vitamin B6 205
12.5 Folate 212
12.6 Vitamin B12 216
12.7 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 220
13 Fat Soluble Vitamins 230
13.1 Vitamin A 230
13.2 Vitamin D 233
13.3 Vitamin E (Alpha tocopherol) and Vitamin K 236
14 Antioxidants 244
15 Recommendations for Future Research 249
  Appendices  
Appendix 1: Food Composition and nutrient content value of balanced diet for moderately active man 252
Appendix 2: Key Micronutrients in Vegetable and Animal Foods 253
Appendix 3: Summary of Recommended Diatary Allowances (RDA) for Energy, Protein, Fat and Minerals for Indians-2010 254
Appendix 4: Summary of Recommanded Diatary Allowances (RDA) for Water Soluble and Fat Soluble Vitamins for Indians-2010 255

Sample Pages
















Frequently Asked Questions
  • Q. What locations do you deliver to ?
    A. Exotic India delivers orders to all countries having diplomatic relations with India.
  • Q. Do you offer free shipping ?
    A. Exotic India offers free shipping on all orders of value of $30 USD or more.
  • Q. Can I return the book?
    A. All returns must be postmarked within seven (7) days of the delivery date. All returned items must be in new and unused condition, with all original tags and labels attached. To know more please view our return policy
  • Q. Do you offer express shipping ?
    A. Yes, we do have a chargeable express shipping facility available. You can select express shipping while checking out on the website.
  • Q. I accidentally entered wrong delivery address, can I change the address ?
    A. Delivery addresses can only be changed only incase the order has not been shipped yet. Incase of an address change, you can reach us at help@exoticindia.com
  • Q. How do I track my order ?
    A. You can track your orders simply entering your order number through here or through your past orders if you are signed in on the website.
  • Q. How can I cancel an order ?
    A. An order can only be cancelled if it has not been shipped. To cancel an order, kindly reach out to us through help@exoticindia.com.
Add a review
Have A Question

For privacy concerns, please view our Privacy Policy

Book Categories