SALE CLOSES IN

The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata (An Ancient Indian Work on Mathematics and Astronomy)

Best Seller
FREE Delivery
$16.50
$22
(25% off)
Quantity
Delivery Ships in 1-3 days
Item Code: NAN399
Author: Walter Eugene Clark
Publisher: D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd.
Language: English
Edition: 2018
ISBN: 9788124608159
Pages: 133
Cover: Paperback
Other Details 8.0 inch X 5.5 inch
Weight 200 gm
Fully insured
Fully insured
Shipped to 153 countries
Shipped to 153 countries
More than 1M+ customers worldwide
More than 1M+ customers worldwide
100% Made in India
100% Made in India
23 years in business
23 years in business
Book Description
Back of the Book

The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata is of great work in the annals of the history of Indian mathematics and astronomy. This volume is expected to give a complete translation (with notes) of the Aryabhatiya with references to some of the most important parallel passages. It is a brief descriptive work intended to supplement matters and processes which are generally known and agreed upon to give only the most distinctive features of Aryabhata's own system. Many common places and many simple processes are taken for granted.

The book vividly addresses topics such as dasagitika, ganitapada, kalakriya and gola in much details. Withstanding many a criticism from people like Brahmagupta on the theories of Aryabhata, this volume through the introductory chapter contends that the Aryabhatiya, on the whole, is quite genuine. It presents Aryabhata as an innovator, thus his difference from Smrti or tradition in his approach to many astronomical matters is fully justified. It also discusses a serious internal discrepancy in the Aryabhatiya about the stationary and revolutionary nature of earth.

This book helps in introducing Aryabhata and the quintessential of Aryabhatiya to the mathematicians and astronomers of the new generations, for whom the original language Sanskrit and the old processes might be unknown.

Walter Eugene Clark (8 September 1881 - 30 September (1960), was an American philologist. He was the second Wales Professor of Sanskrit at Harvard University and the editor of the Harvard Oriental Series, vols. 38-44. He made ready this volume just one year before his demise.

Preface

In 1874 Kern published at Leiden a text called the Aryabhatiya which claims to be the work of Aryabhata, and which gives (Ill.10) the date of the birth of the author as 476 AD. If these claims can be substantiated, and if the whole work is genuine, the text is the earliest preserved Indian mathematical and astronomical text bearing the name of an individual author, the earliest Indian text to deal specifically with mathematics, and the earliest preserved astronomical text from the third or scientific period of Indian astronomy. The only other text which might dispute this last claim is the Suryasiddhanta (translated with elaborate notes by Burgess and Whitney in the sixth volume of the Journal of the American Oriental Society). The old Suryasiddhanta undoubtedly preceded Aryabhata, but the abstracts from it given early in the sixth century by Varahamihira in his Pancasiddhantika show that the preserved text has undergone considerable revision and may be later than Aryabhata. Of the old Paulisa and Romaka Siddhania, and of the transitional Vasistha Siddhanta, nothing has been preserved except the short abstracts given by Varahamihira. The names of several astronomers who preceded Aryabhata, or who were his contemporaries, are known, but nothing has been preserved from their writings except a few brief fragments.

The Aryabhatiya, therefore, is of the greatest importance in the history of Indian mathematics and astronomy. The second section, which deals with mathematics (the Ganitapadai), has been translated by Rodet in the Journal Asiatique (1879), I:393-434, and by Kaye in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1908, pages 111-41. Of the rest of the work no translation has appeared, and only a few of the stanzas have been discussed. The aim of this work is to give a complete translation of the Aryabhatiya with references to some of the most important parallel passages which may be of assistance for further study. The edition of Kern makes no pretense of giving a really critical text of the Aryabhatiya. It gives merely the text which the sixteenth-century commentator Paramesvara had before him. There are several uncertainties about this text. Especially noteworthy is the considerable gap after 1V.44, which is discussed by Kern (pp. v-vi). The names of other commentators have been noticed by Bibhutibhusan Datta in the Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society, XVIII (1927): 12. All available manuscripts of the text should be consulted, all the other commentators should be studied, and a careful comparison of the Aryabhatiya with the abstracts from the old siddhantas given by Varahamihira, with the Suryasiddhanta, with the Sisyadhiceddhida of Lalla, and with the Brahmasphutasiddhanta and the Khandakhaduaka of Brahmagupta should be made. All the later quotations from Aryabhata, especially those made by the commentators on Brahmagupta and Bhaskara, should be collected and verified. Some of those noted by Colebrooke do not seem to fit the published Aryabhatiya. If so, were they based on a lost work of Aryabhata, on the work of another Aryabhata, 'or were they based on later texts composed by followers of Aryabhata rather than on a work by Aryabhata himself? Especially valuable would be a careful study of Prthudakasvamin or Caturvedacarya, the eleventh-century commentator on Brahmagupta, who, to judge from Sudha-kara's use of him in his edition of the Brahmasphuiasiddhanta, frequently disagrees with Brahmagupta and upholds Aryabhata against Brahmagupta's criticisms.

The present translation, with its brief notes, makes no pretense at completeness. It is a preliminary study based on inadequate material. Of several passages no translation has been given or only a tentative translation has been suggested. A year's work in India with unpublished manuscript material and the help of competent pundits would be required for the production of an adequate translation. I have thought it better to publish the material as it is rather than to postpone publication for an indefinite period. The present translation will have served its purpose if it succeeds in attracting the attention of Indian scholars to the problem, arousing criticism, and encouraging them to make available more adequate manuscript material.

There has been much discussion as to whether the name of the author should be spelled Aryabhata or Aryabhatta. Bhata means "hireling," "mercenary," "warrior," and bhatta means "learned man," "scholar." Aryabhatta is the spelling which would naturally be expected. However, all the metrical evidence seems to favor the spelling with one i, It is claimed by some that the metrical evidence is inclusive, that bhata has been substituted for bhatta for purely metrical reasons, and does not prove that Aryabhata is the correct spelling. It is pointed out that Kern gives the name of the commentator whom he edited as Paramadisvara. The name occurs in this form in stanza at the beginning of the text and in another at the end, but in the prose colophons at the ends of the first three sections the name is given as Paramesvara, and this doubtless is the correct form. However, until more definite historical or metrical evidence favoring the spelling Aryabhatta is produced I prefer to keep the form Aryabhata, The Aryabhatiya is divided into four sections which contain in all only 123 stanzas. It is not a complete and detailed working manual of mathematics and astronomy. It seems rather to be a brief descriptive work intended to supplement matters and processes which were generally known and agreed upon, to give only the most distinctive features of Aryabhata's own system. Many common places and many simple processes are taken for granted. For instance, there are no rules to indicate the method of calculating the ahargana and of finding the mean places of the planets. But rules are given for calculating the true places from the mean places by applying certain corrections, although even here there is no statement of the method by which the corrections themselves are to be calculated. It is a descriptive summary rather than a full working manual like the later karana-granthas or the Suryasiddhanta in its present form. It is questionable whether Aryabhata himself composed another treatise, a karana-grantha which might serve directly as a basis for practical calculation, or whether his methods were confined to oral tradition handed down in a school.

Brahmagupta implies knowledge of two works by Aryabhata, one giving three hundred sauana days in a yuga more than the other, one beginning the yuga at sunrise, the other at midnight. He does not seem to treat these as works of two different Aryabhatas. This is corroborated by Pancasiddhnntika, XV.20: Aryabhata maintains that the beginning 'of the day is to be reckoned from midnight at Lanka; and the same teacher [saeva] again says that the day begins from sunrise at Lanka." Brahmagupta, however, names only the Dasagitika and the Aryastasata as the works of Aryabhata, and these constitute our Aryabhatiya. But the word audayikatantra of Brahmasphuiasiddhanta, XI.21 and the words audayika and ardharatrika of XI.13-14 seem to imply that Brahmagupta is distinguishing between two works of one Aryabhata. The published Aryabhatiya (1.2) begins the yuga at sunrise. The other work may not have been named or criticized by Brahmagupta because of the fact that it followed orthodox tradition.

Contents

  Preface v
  List of Abbreviations xxv
I Dasagitika or The Ten Giti Stanzas 1
A Invocation 1
B System of Expressing Numbers by Letter of Alphabet 2
1 Revolutions of Sun, Moon, Earth, and Planets in a Yuga 8
2 Revolutions of Apsis of Moon, Conjunctions of Planets, and Node of Moon in a yuga; Time and Place from Which Revolutions Are to Be Calculated 8
3 Number of Manus in a Kalpa; Number of Yugas in Period of a Manu; Part of Kalpa Elapsed up to Bharata Battle 10
4 Divisions of Circle; Circumference of Sky and Orbits of Planets in Yojanas; Earth Moves One Kala in a Prana; Orbit of Sun One-sixtieth that of Asterisms 12
5 Length of Yojana; Diameters of Earth, Sun, Moon, Meru, and Planets; Number of Years in a Yuga 13
6 Greatest Declination of Ecliptic; Greatest Deviation of Moon and Planets from Ecliptic; Measure of a nr 14
7 Positions of Ascending Nodes of Planets, and of Apsides of Sun and Planets 15
8-9 Dimensions of Epicycles of Apsides and Conjunctions of Planets; Circumference of Earth-Wind 17
10 Table of Sine-Differences 17
C Colophon 18
II Ganitapada or Mathematics 19
1 Invocation 19
2 Names and Values of Classes of Numbers Increasing by Powers of Ten 19
3 Definitions of Square (Varga) and Cube (Ghana) 19
4 Square Root 20
5 Cube Root 22
6 Area of Triangle; Volume of Pyramid 24
7 Area of Circle; Volume of Sphere 24
8 Area of Trapezium; Length of Perpendiculars from Intersection of Diagonals to Parallel Sides 25
9 Area of Any Plane Figure; Chord of One-sixth Circumference Equal to Radius 25
10 Relation of Circumference of Circle to Diameter 26
11 Method of Constructing Sines by Forming Triangles and Quadrilaterals in Quadrant of Circle 26
12 Calculation of Table of Sine-Differences from First One 26
13 Construction of Circles, Triangles, and Quadrilaterals; Determination of Horizontal and Perpendicular 28
14 Radius of Khavrtta (or Svavrtta); Hypotenuse of Right-Angle Triangle Formed by Gnomon and Shadow 28
15-16 Shadow Problems 29
17 Hypotenuse of Right-Angle Triangle; Relation of Half-Chord to Segments of Diameter Which Bisects Chord 31
18 Calculation of Sampatasaras When Two Circles Intersect 31
19-20 Arithmetical Progression 33-34
21 Sum of Series Formed by Taking Sums of Terms of an Arithmetical Progression 34
22 Sums of Series Formed by Taking Squares and Cubes of Terms of an Arithmetical Progression 35
23 Product of Two Factors Half the Difference between Square of Their Sum and Sum of Their Squares 36
24 Find Two Factors When Product and Difference Are Known 36
25 Interest 36
26 Rule of Three (Proportion) 36
27 Fractions 37
28 Inverse Method 37
29 To Find Sum of Several Numbers When Results Obtained by Subtracting Each Number from Their Sum Are Known 38
30 To Find Value of Unknown When Two Equal Quantities Consist of Knowns and Similar Unknowns 38
31 To Calculate Their Past and Future Conjunctions from Distance between Two Planets 38
32-33 Indeterminate Equations of First Degree (kuttaka) 40-44
III Kalakriya or the Reckoning of Time 47
1-2 Divisions of Time; Divisions of Circle Correspond 47
3 Conjunctions and Vyatipatas of Two Planets in a Yuga 47
4 Number of Revolutions of Epicycles of Planets; Years of Jupiter 47
5 Definition of Solar Year, Lunar Month, Civil Day, and Sidereal Day 48
6 Intercalary Months and Omitted Lunar Days 49
7-8 Year of Men, Fathers, and Gods; Yuga of All the Planets; Day of Brahman 49
9 Utsarpini; Avasarpint, Susama, and Dussama as Divisions of Yuga 49
10 Date of Writing of Aryabhatiya; Age of Author at Time 50
11 Yuga, Year, Month, and Day Began at First of Caitra; Endless Time Measured by Movements of Planets and Asterisms 51
12 Planets Move with Equal Speed; Time in Which They Traverse Distances Equal to Orbit of Asterisms and Circumference of Sky 51
13 Periods of Revolution Differ because Orbits Differ in Size 52
14 For Same Reason Signs, Degrees, and Minutes Differ in Length 52
15 Order in Which Orbits of Planets are Arranged (beneath the Asterisms) around Earth as Center 52
16 Planets as "Lords of Days" (of Week) 52
17 Planets Move with Their Mean Motion on Orbits 53 and Eccentric Circles Eastward from Apsis and Westward from Conjunction 53
18-19 Eccentric Circle Equal in Size to Orbit; Its Center Distant from Center of Earth by Radius of Epicycle 54
20 Movement of Planet on Epicycle; When ahead of and When behind Its Mean Position 54
21 Movement of Epicycles; Mean Planet (on Its Orbit) at Center of Epicycle 55
22-24 Calculation of True Places of Planets from Mean Places 56
25 Calculation of True Distance between Planet and Earth 57
IV Gola or the Sphere 59
1 Zodiacal Signs in Northern and Southern Halves of Ecliptic; Even Deviation of Ecliptic from Equator 59
2 Sun, Nodes of Moon and Planets, and Earth's Shadow Move along Ecliptic 59
3 Moon, Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn Cross Ecliptic at Their Nodes; Venus and Mercury at Their Conjunctions 59
4 Distance from Sun at Which Moon and Planets Become Visible 60
5 Sun Illumines One Half of Earth, Planets, and Asterisms; Other Half Dark 60
6-7 Spherical Earth, Surrounded by Orbits of Planets and by Asterisms, Situated in Center of Space; Consists of Earth, Water, Fire, and Air 60
8 Radius of Earth Increases and Decreases by a Yojana during Day and Night of Brahman 60
9 At Equator Stationary Asterisms Seem to Move Straight Westward; Simile of Moving Boat and Objects on Shore 61
10 Asterisms and Planets, Driven by Provector Wind, Move Straight Westward at Equator - Hence Rising and Setting 62
11-12 Mount Meru and Vadavamukha (North and South Poles); Gods and Demons Think the Others beneath Them 64
13 Four Cities on Equator a Quadrant Apart; Sunrise at First Is Midday, Sunset - Midnight at Others 64
14 Lanka (on Equator) 90° from Poles; Ujjain 22Y2° North of Lanka 64
15 From Level Place Half of Stellar Sphere minus Radius of Earth Is Visible; Other Half plus Radius of Earth Is Cut Off by Earth 65
16 At Meru and Vadavamukha Northern and Southern Halves of Stellar Sphere Visible Moving from Left to Right or Vice Versa 65
17 At Poles the Sun, after It Rises, Visible for Half-Year; on Moon the Sun Visible for Half a Lunar Month 65
18 Definition of Prime Vertical, Meridianand Horizon 65
19 East and West Hour-Circle Passing through Poles (Unmandala) 66
20 Prime Vertical, Meridian, and Perpendicular from Zenith to Nadir Intersect at Place Where Observer Is 66
21 Vertical Circle Passing through Planet and Place Where Observer Is (Drnmandala); Vertical Circle Passing through Nonagesimal Point (Drkksepamandala) 66
22 Construction of Wooden Globe Caused to Revolve so as to Keep Pace with Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies 66
23 Heavenly Bodies Depicted on This; Equinoctial Sine (Sine of Latitude) Is Base; Sine of Colatitude (Sanku at Midday of Equinoctial Day) Is Koti (Perpendicular to Base) 67
24 Radius of Day-Circle 67
25 Right Ascension of Signs of Zodiac 67
26 Earth-Sine Which Measures Increase and Decrease of Day and Night 68
27 Oblique Ascension of Signs of Zodiac 68
28 Sanku of Sun (Sine of Altitude on Vertical Circle Passing through Sun) at Any Given Time 69
29 Base of sanku (Distance from Rising and Setting Line) 69
30 Amplitude of Sun (agra) 69
31 Sine of Altitude of Sun When Crossing Prime Vertical 70
32 Midday Sanku and Shadow 70
33 Sine of Ecliptic Zenith-Distance (Drkksepajya) 71
34 Sine of Ecliptic Altitude (Drkksepajya); Parallax 71
35-36 Drkkarman (Aksa and Ayana) 73
37 Moon Causes Eclipse of Sun; Shadow of Earth Causes Eclipse of Moon 74
38 Time at Which Eclipses Occur 74
39 Length of Shadow of Earth 75
40 Diameter of Earth's Shadow in Orbit of Moon 75
41 Sthityardha (Half of Time from First to Last Contact) 75
42 Yimardardha (Half of Time of Total Obscuration) 75
43 Part of Moon Which is Not Eclipsed 76
44 Amount of Obscuration at any Given Time 76
45 Valana 76
46 Color of Moon at Different Parts of Total Eclipse 77
47 Eclipse of Sun Not Perceptible if Less than One-eighth Obscured 77
48 Sun Calculated from Conjunction (Yoga) of Earth and Sun, Moon from Conjunction of Sun and Moon, and Other Planets from Conjunction of Planet and Moon 78
49-50 Colophon 78
  Appendix (Aryabhatiya -- Critically Edited Sanskrit Text with Romanization ) 79
  General Index 97
  Sanskrit Index 105

Sample Pages





Frequently Asked Questions
  • Q. What locations do you deliver to ?
    A. Exotic India delivers orders to all countries having diplomatic relations with India.
  • Q. Do you offer free shipping ?
    A. Exotic India offers free shipping on all orders of value of $30 USD or more.
  • Q. Can I return the book?
    A. All returns must be postmarked within seven (7) days of the delivery date. All returned items must be in new and unused condition, with all original tags and labels attached. To know more please view our return policy
  • Q. Do you offer express shipping ?
    A. Yes, we do have a chargeable express shipping facility available. You can select express shipping while checking out on the website.
  • Q. I accidentally entered wrong delivery address, can I change the address ?
    A. Delivery addresses can only be changed only incase the order has not been shipped yet. Incase of an address change, you can reach us at help@exoticindia.com
  • Q. How do I track my order ?
    A. You can track your orders simply entering your order number through here or through your past orders if you are signed in on the website.
  • Q. How can I cancel an order ?
    A. An order can only be cancelled if it has not been shipped. To cancel an order, kindly reach out to us through help@exoticindia.com.
Add a review
Have A Question

For privacy concerns, please view our Privacy Policy

Book Categories