Newly Discovered Copper Hoard Weapons of South Asia

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ABOUT THE BOOK This book "NEWLY DECOVERED COPPER BOARD, WEAPONS OF SOUTH ASIA includes chapters on Copper Hoard collection in the National Museum, New Delhi, New Anthropomorphic figures from Ganga-Yamuna dah, New logged shouldered axes from the Western Uttar Pradesh, New copper hoard in private collections of North India, Copper board implements in the National Museum New Delhi, brief history of copper hoards from 1964 to 1986, Harappan and Ochre Coloured Pottery in Ganga Yamuna doab Archaeometallurgy of copper hoard, and list of Harappan, copper hoard, O.CP. and related sites in Ganga-Yamuna doab. Till today around 5031 copper hoard implements have been reported from 197 sites mostly from Gangetic plains among which 193 are in National Museum collection. We have fixed date of copper hoards from circa 2800 to 1500 BC and these could be divided into two groups as follows (A) North Eastern Indian (B) Ganga-Yamuna doab and western India. The technology of western group B is of a distinctive and advanced type and is influenced by the Harappans. According to scholars the authors of the copper hoards were Atharvavedic Aryans, who were contem porary with Harappans. The Anthropo morphic figure of copper hoard is a cult object and a symbol of good omen. The lugged shouldered axes and weed chisels are a new type in copper hoard imple ments. The shouldered axes show their origin from South East Asia via North East India and Middle Ganga plain. The copper heard implements and O.CP. ceramic are present in stratified deposits of Ganeshwar, Jodhpura, Mithathal, Madarpur, Saipai and Khatoli, which confirm that the authors of these two traditions were the same. Copper hoard implements of western group show. genetic relationship with Harap-pans. The author has fixed the period of Ramayana during the last phase of copper heard period ie, circa 1600-1500 B.C.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Deo Prakash Sharma is an Art Historian, Museologist and field Archaeologist participated in the excavations at Pangoraria, Mansar, Narmada Valley, Bhimbetka Chopani Mando, Mehagarha, Koldihwa, Maha daha, Sringaverpura and Bharadvaj Ashram. Besides, he did extensive explo ration in the districts of Fatehpur, Pratap garh and Allahabad in U.P. and in Sehor District in Madhya Pradesh. Another significant contribution of the author is the discovery of Menander (Posthumous) Brahmi inscription from Reh. During 1983-84 he was awarded Commonwealth scholarship and he meritoriously quali fied M.A. (Archaeology) with specializa tion in Palaeolithic Archaeology of the world and Pre-history of South East Asia and Australia from the Institute of Au Archa London. He participated in the excavations at Sussex under the team of Archaeologists of Institute of Archaeology London and at Pincentvetn (France) under Prof. Gaurhan and Mark Newcomer, both world famous Rock-art specialist. In 1985 he joined as Dy. Keeper, Pre-History and Archaeology at National Museum, New Delhi. In 1993 he was promoted as Keeper Education in National Museum. At present he is the Head of the Harappan, Pre and Proto history and Early Archaeology collection at National Museum, New Delhi. The author has published 122 papers and ten books of which a few are listed here, Early Buddhist Metal Images of South Asia; Indus Script on its way to Decipherment; Harappan Seals, Sealings and Copper Tablets; Harappan Art Vol. 1; Harappan Terracottas; Harappan Jewellery; Pre-historic India and South East Asia (Press) and Harappan Archaeology (Press) and Archaeology of Lower doab.

PREFACE The copper hoard weapon tradition belonged mostly to Ganga plain. They have been generally found in caches of hoards and give an impression of great abundance of copper. D.K. Chakrabarti and Nayanjot Lahiri called these weapons as Amorphous finds.

This book deals with the copper hoard weapons (circa 2800-1500 BC) of proto-historic Bronze age of South Asia. It deals with 193 copper hoard weapons of National Museum, New Delhi along with new Anthropomorphs and lugged shouldered axes of copper hoard of, 1987 collection of National Museum, Archaeometallurgy of copper hoards, new copper hoards and O.CP. ceramics in Ganga-Yamuna doab.

The first chapter is on copper hoard in National Museum collection. Around 5031 copper hoard objects have been reported from 137 sites of South Asia. The National Museum, New Delhi has 193 such finds, which were acquired from the localities of middle Ganga-Yamuna doab, four antennae swords from Mehsana in Gujarat and a lugged shouldered axe from Lothal, The National Museum has also in its possession 5-Anthropomorph, 3-lugged shouldered axes, 20-antennae swords, 11-hookeds swords, 18-weed chisels, 46-flat shouldered axes, 15-chisels, 75-flat axes, 19-Harpoons and 2-Razers. According to me the authors of copper hoard implements were the Atharvavedic Aryans who were contemporary of Harappans and this tradition continued till Ramayana-Mahabharata age ie. circa 1600-1500 B.C

We have fixed the date of copper hoard from circa 2800 to 1500 B.C. The copper hoard tradition could be divided in two groups as follows:

(A) North Eastern group of middle Ganga plain.

(B) Ganga-Yamuna doab or upper Ganga plain and North-West India.

The copper hoard implements of North-Eastern group 'A' are crude whereas copper hoard implements of B' region are more refined. During the end of third millennium B.C. migration of copper hoard people took place from 'A' region to 'B' region and these two met together in the contact zone in upper Ganga-Yamuna doab with mature Harappans and learnt new technique from Harappans copper smiths.

The author is of the opinion that the copper hoards implements of group 'B' and O.CP. (ceramics) were the creation of Atharvavedic Aryans According to R.C. Gaur, "O.C.P. (ceramics) of Ganeshwar and Jodhpura belongs to the stock of early Harappans and they were not only contemporary of Mature Harappans but also survived after a few centuries of Late Harappans till 1100 B.C.". The warfare was a dominant feature of copper hoard people. The O.C.P. (ceramic) begins around 2800 BC. at Ganeshwar and continued till 1100 B.C. at Sringaverpura. The recent excavations done by D.V. Sharma at Madarpur (Moradabad) in upper Ganga-Yamuna doab where he discovered 31 copper anthropomorphic figures of type IV, O.CP ceramic along with red ware and Harappan perforated pots also confirms that the authors of the OCP and copper hoard group 'B' were the same.

The second chapter is on Anthropomorphic figures. According to the author the Anthropo morphic figures is a cult object or symbol of good omen and not a boomerang as earlier suggested by D.P. Agrawal and others Till today around ropomorphic figures of copper hourd have been reported mostly from Ganga Yamunadhor upper Ganga plains. These Anthropomorphs can be categorized on the basis of size and shape into four varieties as follows:

1. Long arms and short legs type.

II. Short arms and long legs type.

III. Bread Icon type like Manbhum in Bihar.

IV. Long arms type without legs like Madarpur.

The third chapter is on lugged shouldered axes of Ganga-Yamuna doab. So far around 28 lugged shouldered aves of copper hoard tradition have been reported from localities of upper and middle Ganga-Yamuna doab. On the basis in variations in the physical form, working edge. side-edge with various shapes of lug's the author has classified the lugged shouldered axes in four sub groups as follows:

1. Flat rectangular lug's, the middle of it has two concave sides.

II. Flat conical lug's with straight side edges.

III Lugged shouldered axes of anthropomorph type.

IV. Lugged shouldered axes cum anthropomorph.

National Museum has three lugged shouldered axes. The lugged shouldered axes here. represent a new variety in shouldered axe group and show their origin from South East Asia via North East India and middle Ganga plain.

The fourth chapter is on new copper hoards. These objects include an Anthropomorph, 7 antennae swords, 2-bangles, a razor, 4-shouldered axes, 11-flat axes, 5-needle shaped chisels and 2 Harpoons. These objects were collected from the lower-middle Ganga-Yamuna doab and are now in private collection at Allahabad. This part of paper also deals with 127 copper hoard implement collected from various localities of Ganga-Yamuna doab, which are in private collection of Tariq Ahmed Chisti of Amroha, Moradabad. This collections includes 14-antennae swords, 6 hooked swords, 5-Harpoons, 25-flat and 3-shouldered celts and a few bar axes.

The fifth chapter is on copper hoard implements of 1987 collection of National Museum, New Delhi. During 1987 the National Museum, acquired, 42-copper hoard implements which include a fragmentary lugged shouldered axe, 5-shouldered axes, 2-hooked swords, 4-antennae swords, 7-harpoons, 2-weed chisels, 3-chisels and 10-flat axes which were collected from various localities of middle and lower, Ganga-Yamuna doab.

**Contents and Sample Pages**