Lecture I | General Laws guiding the Development of Language: The different stages in the Development of Sanskrit | 1-34 |
Preliminary | 1 | |
Sanskrit : its importance | 3 | |
Phonetic decay | 9 | |
Svasa : Nada | 10 | |
False analogies | 13 | |
Names of Objects | 14 | |
Gradual disappearance of Words | 16 | |
Three Languages of the World | 17 | |
Three Varieties of Sanskrit | 18 | |
Chief characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit; an example of Vedic Sanskrit | 22 | |
Do – of Brahmana passage; its peculiarities | 23 | |
The next stage of Sanskrit | 23 | |
The petrified or nominal stage | 24 | |
The nominal stage cultivated in philosophical writings | 25 | |
Middle stage of writing : Sanskrit of Samkaracarya | 26 | |
Change of style after samkaracarya | 26 | |
Real style of Sanskrit | 26 | |
Katyayana, his evidence about the Sanskrit style | 27 | |
Conclusion that verbal form had been obsolete and participles were used in their place | 30 | |
Places and rules in which Panini has become obsolete | 32 | |
Conclusion from this | 33 | |
Panini's Grammar contains the Middle Sanskrit and Katyayana's the Classical Sanskrit | 34 | |
Lecture II | Pali and the Dialects of the Period | 35-78 |
Sanskrit corrupted in course of time | 36 | |
Examples from Pali | 37 | |
Phonology of the Pali Dialect – Pronouncing a Conjunct | 38 | |
Svasa: Nada | 39 | |
No Pali consonants omitted by Pali speakers | 44 | |
Exceptions to the above | 45 | |
Changes of single consonants | 46 | |
Matra | 49 | |
Possible influence of aliens on language modification | 53 | |
Assimilation of Consonants a universal rule in Pali | 53 | |
Several words, unknown to Sanskrit, but formed Sanskrit, coming into use | 54 | |
Grammar of the pali Dialect | 54 | |
The Noun : Masculine Nouns ending in अ | 57 | |
Masculine Nouns in इ and उ | 58 | |
Masculine Nouns in ऋ | 58 | |
Masculine Nouns in a consonant | 59 | |
Feminine Nouns | 60 | |
Neuter Nouns | 61 | |
Pronouns | 61 | |
False Analogies or Generalisation : false ideas regarding some of these | 64 | |
The Verb in Pali | 65 | |
Terminations in Pali | 66 | |
The Gramaar of Asoka Inscriptions : their | 72 | |
place Examples of Asoka Inscriptions | 73 | |
resemblance of some Inscriptions in Pali to Sanskrit | 76 | |
Lecture III | The Prakrits and the Apabhramsa | 79-133 |
Prakrits: Vararuci's Prakrtaprakasa; Hemacandra's kosa of Desi words | 79 | |
Dandin : his Kavyadarsa; Setubandha; Vakpatiraja; Gaudavadhakavya | 80 | |
General rule that the dramatic person should speak languages of the country to which he is supposed to belong | 83 | |
Later dramatists : Sahityadarpaua | 83 | |
Points of Difference between Maharastri and Sauraseni dialects | 85 | |
Examples of above | 88 | |
Ms. of Gaudavadha | 89 | |
Phonetic changes common to pali and Prakrits | 90 | |
Phonetic changes in the Prakrits | 93 | |
Assimilation | 98 | |
Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadh, Paisaci, Culika Paisci & c. | 103 | |
The Grammar of Prakrits | 105 | |
Masculine Nouns in अ in Prakrits | 106 | |
Masculine Nouns in इ and उ Prakrits | 106 | |
Masculine Nouns in ऋ in Prakrits | 107 | |
Masculine None in अन , अत, (pres, Parti), वत, मत &c. | 107 | |
Feminine and Neuter Nouns in prakrits | 108 | |
Pronouns in Prakrits | 108 | |
The prakrit Verb | 112 | |
Conjugations | 112 | |
Sadhyavastha and Siddhavastha dialects | 116 | |
Thadbhava, Tatsama and Desya Words; their definitions | 120 | |
Some Desva wordbecoming Tadhavavas | 121 | |
The Apabhamsa | 122 | |
An illustration of Apabhramsa | 123 | |
The Phonology of Apabhramsa | 124 | |
Declension of Apabhramsa | 125 | |
Nouns in अ in Apbhamsa | 125 | |
Nouns in इ or उ in Apabhramasa | 128 | |
Feminine Nouns in apabhramsa | 128 | |
Pronouns in Apabhramsa | 130 | |
The verb in the Apabhramsa | 131 | |
Lecture IV | Phonology of the Vernaculars of Northern India | 134-233 |
Nine Principal Languages in India | 135 | |
Nepali and Kashmiri not to be taken into account Old Hindi written in two dialects ; Difference between them | 135 | |
Old Hindi Written in two dialects Difference between them | 136 | |
Eight Principal Dialects in Northern India, instances of them | 137 | |
Words derived from Sanskrit from the eight Dialects | 141 | |
Distinction between the Vocabulary of the Vernaculars of N. India. | 147 | |
Distinction between modern Tatsamas, Sanskrit & c. | 148 | |
Three classes of Prakrit and newly constructed words | 149 | |
Tracing the Vernaculars from Pali and prakrits | 150 | |
Accent in Modern Vernaculars | 172 | |
The suffix ka in Panini's time to indicate littleness & c. | 180 | |
The original and Derivative Accents in the Vernaculars | 182 | |
Accent in the Hindi | 184 | |
Exceptions to the Above | 185 | |
Accent in Gujarati | 186 | |
Accent in Panjabi | 186 | |
Accent in Sindhi | 186 | |
Accent in Bengali and Oriya | 186 | |
Accent on Vernacular Terminations | 187 | |
Accent in Vernacular Compounds | 187 | |
Avoiding of the Hiatus in the Vernaculars | 188 | |
Consonantal changes in the Vernaculars | 191 | |
Interchangeableness of certain Consonants | 200 | |
Va of the Causal Terminations in the Vernaculars | 207 | |
Treatment of Sanskrit Conjuncts in the Vernaculars | 221 | |
Dentals changed to Palatals | 225 | |
Assimilation of Members of Conjuncts | 231 | |
Lecture V | Remnants of the Older Grammatical Forms in the Northern Vernaculars | 234 - 271 |
Case terminations in the Vernaculars | 234 | |
Pronouns in the Vernaculars | 234 | |
Personal Pronouns in the Vernaculars | 239 | |
Case terminations in the Vernaculars | 240 | |
Verb in the Vernaculars | 241 | |
Verbal Terminations: The Present | 242 | |
Verbal Terminations: The Imperative | 247 | |
Verbal Terminations: the Future | 253 | |
The past tense in the Vernaculars | 255 | |
The past Participle | 255 | |
The Present Participle in the Vernaculars | 260 | |
The Absolutive in the Vernaculars | 261 | |
Infinitive of Purpose in the Vernaculars | 262 | |
Potential participle in the Vernaculars | 262 | |
Passive in Participle in the Vernaculars | 263 | |
Causal in Participle in the Vernaculars | 264 | |
Lecture VI | New Grammatical Formations in the Northern Vernaculars | 272-317 |
The oblique forms | 273 | |
The oblique form in the Marathi : Five ways of taking the Obsolete forms in Marathi | 273 | |
The Oblique forms of Sindhi | 275 | |
The Oblique forms of Punjabi | 276 | |
The Oblique forms of Hindi | 276 | |
The Oblique forms of Gujarati | 276 | |
Absence of Oblique from in Bengali and Oriya | 278 | |
Nature of the Oblique form | 279 | |
Analysis of the Marathi Oblique Form | 280 | |
Analysis of the Sindhi Oblique forms | 281 | |
Hindi and Punjabi Oblique forms | 281 | |
New Terminations in the Vernaculars | 285 | |
Origin of ka in the Vernacular Terminations | 286 | |
Origin of Sa in the Vernacular Terminaions | 292 | |
The verbal forms | 305 | |
The Future Tense | 313 | |
Lecture VII | Relations between Sanskrit, Pali, the Prakrits and the Modern Vernaculars | 318-350 |
The Vedic dialect lost a good deal of its words: "Middle Sanskrit" | 318 | |
Pali the Sacred language of the Southern Buddhists | 318 | |
Not great difference in the dialect: Prakrits coming into importance | 319 | |
Certain scholars holding that the Prakrits were an artificiality; its refutation | 319 | |
The present practice of Desastha Brahmanas | 320 | |
Prakrits became literary and dead dialects like Sanskrit | 322 | |
Were there various dialects in the Vedic times? | 322 | |
Many uneducated persons using wrong English: instances | 325 | |
The theory is utterly untenable; contemporaneous development of Sanskrit and Prakrits an impossibility | 329 | |
Other objections – their refutation | 330 | |
Positive evidence that Sanskrit was a spoken language the evidence of Yaska | 332 | |
Panini and patanjali | 332 | |
Sanskrit Grammar the best in the world | 334 | |
Sanskrit Compounds in the language later writer using rather too many Sanskrit Compounds | 335 | |
Traces of Sanskrit expressions showing that Sanskrit in colloquial use once existed | 336 | |
Sanskrit was not the only language in the time of Katyayana and Patanjali; instances | 337 | |
Patanjali's evidence | 338 | |
Who were the Sistas without learning Panini's Grammar | 341 | |
Characters in plays – Males and Females | 345 | |
Sanskrit losing ground – after some times | 345 | |
Chronology and historical changes of the same | 347 | |
Pali people a foreign race? | 347 | |
Pali continuing for a long time as the mother tongue | 347 | |
Times of Asoka | 348 | |
Dates of Panini, katyayana and Patanjali | 349 | |
Prakrits coming into importance in the early centuries of the Christian era | 350 | |
Apabhramsa in the sixth or seventh century; Dandin kalidasa | 350 | |
Modern Vernaculars appearing about the tenth century, a Copper – plate Inscriptions of 1206 A.D. | 350 | |
Author's Farewell | 350 | |
List of Abbreviations | 351 | |
Index I | General Index | 353 |
Index II | Index of Archaic and Obsolete Sanskrit Words | 360 |
Index III | Index of Mythological Names | 361 |
Index IV | Index of Ancient Writers and Works | 362 |
Index V | Index of Modern Scholars | 366 |
Index VI | Index of Sanskrit and other Words | 369-400 |
Lecture I | General Laws guiding the Development of Language: The different stages in the Development of Sanskrit | 1-34 |
Preliminary | 1 | |
Sanskrit : its importance | 3 | |
Phonetic decay | 9 | |
Svasa : Nada | 10 | |
False analogies | 13 | |
Names of Objects | 14 | |
Gradual disappearance of Words | 16 | |
Three Languages of the World | 17 | |
Three Varieties of Sanskrit | 18 | |
Chief characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit; an example of Vedic Sanskrit | 22 | |
Do – of Brahmana passage; its peculiarities | 23 | |
The next stage of Sanskrit | 23 | |
The petrified or nominal stage | 24 | |
The nominal stage cultivated in philosophical writings | 25 | |
Middle stage of writing : Sanskrit of Samkaracarya | 26 | |
Change of style after samkaracarya | 26 | |
Real style of Sanskrit | 26 | |
Katyayana, his evidence about the Sanskrit style | 27 | |
Conclusion that verbal form had been obsolete and participles were used in their place | 30 | |
Places and rules in which Panini has become obsolete | 32 | |
Conclusion from this | 33 | |
Panini's Grammar contains the Middle Sanskrit and Katyayana's the Classical Sanskrit | 34 | |
Lecture II | Pali and the Dialects of the Period | 35-78 |
Sanskrit corrupted in course of time | 36 | |
Examples from Pali | 37 | |
Phonology of the Pali Dialect – Pronouncing a Conjunct | 38 | |
Svasa: Nada | 39 | |
No Pali consonants omitted by Pali speakers | 44 | |
Exceptions to the above | 45 | |
Changes of single consonants | 46 | |
Matra | 49 | |
Possible influence of aliens on language modification | 53 | |
Assimilation of Consonants a universal rule in Pali | 53 | |
Several words, unknown to Sanskrit, but formed Sanskrit, coming into use | 54 | |
Grammar of the pali Dialect | 54 | |
The Noun : Masculine Nouns ending in अ | 57 | |
Masculine Nouns in इ and उ | 58 | |
Masculine Nouns in ऋ | 58 | |
Masculine Nouns in a consonant | 59 | |
Feminine Nouns | 60 | |
Neuter Nouns | 61 | |
Pronouns | 61 | |
False Analogies or Generalisation : false ideas regarding some of these | 64 | |
The Verb in Pali | 65 | |
Terminations in Pali | 66 | |
The Gramaar of Asoka Inscriptions : their | 72 | |
place Examples of Asoka Inscriptions | 73 | |
resemblance of some Inscriptions in Pali to Sanskrit | 76 | |
Lecture III | The Prakrits and the Apabhramsa | 79-133 |
Prakrits: Vararuci's Prakrtaprakasa; Hemacandra's kosa of Desi words | 79 | |
Dandin : his Kavyadarsa; Setubandha; Vakpatiraja; Gaudavadhakavya | 80 | |
General rule that the dramatic person should speak languages of the country to which he is supposed to belong | 83 | |
Later dramatists : Sahityadarpaua | 83 | |
Points of Difference between Maharastri and Sauraseni dialects | 85 | |
Examples of above | 88 | |
Ms. of Gaudavadha | 89 | |
Phonetic changes common to pali and Prakrits | 90 | |
Phonetic changes in the Prakrits | 93 | |
Assimilation | 98 | |
Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadh, Paisaci, Culika Paisci & c. | 103 | |
The Grammar of Prakrits | 105 | |
Masculine Nouns in अ in Prakrits | 106 | |
Masculine Nouns in इ and उ Prakrits | 106 | |
Masculine Nouns in ऋ in Prakrits | 107 | |
Masculine None in अन , अत, (pres, Parti), वत, मत &c. | 107 | |
Feminine and Neuter Nouns in prakrits | 108 | |
Pronouns in Prakrits | 108 | |
The prakrit Verb | 112 | |
Conjugations | 112 | |
Sadhyavastha and Siddhavastha dialects | 116 | |
Thadbhava, Tatsama and Desya Words; their definitions | 120 | |
Some Desva wordbecoming Tadhavavas | 121 | |
The Apabhamsa | 122 | |
An illustration of Apabhramsa | 123 | |
The Phonology of Apabhramsa | 124 | |
Declension of Apabhramsa | 125 | |
Nouns in अ in Apbhamsa | 125 | |
Nouns in इ or उ in Apabhramasa | 128 | |
Feminine Nouns in apabhramsa | 128 | |
Pronouns in Apabhramsa | 130 | |
The verb in the Apabhramsa | 131 | |
Lecture IV | Phonology of the Vernaculars of Northern India | 134-233 |
Nine Principal Languages in India | 135 | |
Nepali and Kashmiri not to be taken into account Old Hindi written in two dialects ; Difference between them | 135 | |
Old Hindi Written in two dialects Difference between them | 136 | |
Eight Principal Dialects in Northern India, instances of them | 137 | |
Words derived from Sanskrit from the eight Dialects | 141 | |
Distinction between the Vocabulary of the Vernaculars of N. India. | 147 | |
Distinction between modern Tatsamas, Sanskrit & c. | 148 | |
Three classes of Prakrit and newly constructed words | 149 | |
Tracing the Vernaculars from Pali and prakrits | 150 | |
Accent in Modern Vernaculars | 172 | |
The suffix ka in Panini's time to indicate littleness & c. | 180 | |
The original and Derivative Accents in the Vernaculars | 182 | |
Accent in the Hindi | 184 | |
Exceptions to the Above | 185 | |
Accent in Gujarati | 186 | |
Accent in Panjabi | 186 | |
Accent in Sindhi | 186 | |
Accent in Bengali and Oriya | 186 | |
Accent on Vernacular Terminations | 187 | |
Accent in Vernacular Compounds | 187 | |
Avoiding of the Hiatus in the Vernaculars | 188 | |
Consonantal changes in the Vernaculars | 191 | |
Interchangeableness of certain Consonants | 200 | |
Va of the Causal Terminations in the Vernaculars | 207 | |
Treatment of Sanskrit Conjuncts in the Vernaculars | 221 | |
Dentals changed to Palatals | 225 | |
Assimilation of Members of Conjuncts | 231 | |
Lecture V | Remnants of the Older Grammatical Forms in the Northern Vernaculars | 234 - 271 |
Case terminations in the Vernaculars | 234 | |
Pronouns in the Vernaculars | 234 | |
Personal Pronouns in the Vernaculars | 239 | |
Case terminations in the Vernaculars | 240 | |
Verb in the Vernaculars | 241 | |
Verbal Terminations: The Present | 242 | |
Verbal Terminations: The Imperative | 247 | |
Verbal Terminations: the Future | 253 | |
The past tense in the Vernaculars | 255 | |
The past Participle | 255 | |
The Present Participle in the Vernaculars | 260 | |
The Absolutive in the Vernaculars | 261 | |
Infinitive of Purpose in the Vernaculars | 262 | |
Potential participle in the Vernaculars | 262 | |
Passive in Participle in the Vernaculars | 263 | |
Causal in Participle in the Vernaculars | 264 | |
Lecture VI | New Grammatical Formations in the Northern Vernaculars | 272-317 |
The oblique forms | 273 | |
The oblique form in the Marathi : Five ways of taking the Obsolete forms in Marathi | 273 | |
The Oblique forms of Sindhi | 275 | |
The Oblique forms of Punjabi | 276 | |
The Oblique forms of Hindi | 276 | |
The Oblique forms of Gujarati | 276 | |
Absence of Oblique from in Bengali and Oriya | 278 | |
Nature of the Oblique form | 279 | |
Analysis of the Marathi Oblique Form | 280 | |
Analysis of the Sindhi Oblique forms | 281 | |
Hindi and Punjabi Oblique forms | 281 | |
New Terminations in the Vernaculars | 285 | |
Origin of ka in the Vernacular Terminations | 286 | |
Origin of Sa in the Vernacular Terminaions | 292 | |
The verbal forms | 305 | |
The Future Tense | 313 | |
Lecture VII | Relations between Sanskrit, Pali, the Prakrits and the Modern Vernaculars | 318-350 |
The Vedic dialect lost a good deal of its words: "Middle Sanskrit" | 318 | |
Pali the Sacred language of the Southern Buddhists | 318 | |
Not great difference in the dialect: Prakrits coming into importance | 319 | |
Certain scholars holding that the Prakrits were an artificiality; its refutation | 319 | |
The present practice of Desastha Brahmanas | 320 | |
Prakrits became literary and dead dialects like Sanskrit | 322 | |
Were there various dialects in the Vedic times? | 322 | |
Many uneducated persons using wrong English: instances | 325 | |
The theory is utterly untenable; contemporaneous development of Sanskrit and Prakrits an impossibility | 329 | |
Other objections – their refutation | 330 | |
Positive evidence that Sanskrit was a spoken language the evidence of Yaska | 332 | |
Panini and patanjali | 332 | |
Sanskrit Grammar the best in the world | 334 | |
Sanskrit Compounds in the language later writer using rather too many Sanskrit Compounds | 335 | |
Traces of Sanskrit expressions showing that Sanskrit in colloquial use once existed | 336 | |
Sanskrit was not the only language in the time of Katyayana and Patanjali; instances | 337 | |
Patanjali's evidence | 338 | |
Who were the Sistas without learning Panini's Grammar | 341 | |
Characters in plays – Males and Females | 345 | |
Sanskrit losing ground – after some times | 345 | |
Chronology and historical changes of the same | 347 | |
Pali people a foreign race? | 347 | |
Pali continuing for a long time as the mother tongue | 347 | |
Times of Asoka | 348 | |
Dates of Panini, katyayana and Patanjali | 349 | |
Prakrits coming into importance in the early centuries of the Christian era | 350 | |
Apabhramsa in the sixth or seventh century; Dandin kalidasa | 350 | |
Modern Vernaculars appearing about the tenth century, a Copper – plate Inscriptions of 1206 A.D. | 350 | |
Author's Farewell | 350 | |
List of Abbreviations | 351 | |
Index I | General Index | 353 |
Index II | Index of Archaic and Obsolete Sanskrit Words | 360 |
Index III | Index of Mythological Names | 361 |
Index IV | Index of Ancient Writers and Works | 362 |
Index V | Index of Modern Scholars | 366 |
Index VI | Index of Sanskrit and other Words | 369-400 |