Wilson Philological Lectures: On Sanskrit and the Derived Languages (An Old and Rare Book)

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Wilson Philological Lectures: On Sanskrit and the Derived Languages (An Old and Rare Book)

by R. G. Bhandarkar

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Contents

Lecture I	General Laws guiding the Development of Language: The different stages in the Development of Sanskrit	1-34
	Preliminary	1
	Sanskrit : its importance	3
	Phonetic decay	9
	Svasa : Nada	10
	False analogies	13
	Names of Objects	14
	Gradual disappearance of Words	16
	Three Languages of the World	17
	Three Varieties of Sanskrit	18
	Chief characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit; an example of Vedic Sanskrit	22
	Do – of Brahmana passage; its peculiarities	23
	The next stage of Sanskrit	23
	The petrified or nominal stage	24
	The nominal stage cultivated in philosophical writings	25
	Middle stage of writing : Sanskrit of Samkaracarya	26
	Change of style after samkaracarya	26
	Real style of Sanskrit	26
	Katyayana, his evidence about the Sanskrit style	27
	Conclusion that verbal form had been obsolete and participles were used in their place	30
	Places and rules in which Panini has become obsolete	32
	Conclusion from this	33
	Panini's Grammar contains the Middle Sanskrit and Katyayana's the Classical Sanskrit	34
Lecture II	Pali and the Dialects of the Period	35-78
	Sanskrit corrupted in course of time	36
	Examples from Pali	37
	Phonology of the Pali Dialect – Pronouncing a Conjunct	38
	Svasa: Nada	39
	No Pali consonants omitted by Pali speakers	44
	Exceptions to the above	45
	Changes of single consonants	46
	Matra	49
	Possible influence of aliens on language modification	53
	Assimilation of Consonants a universal rule in Pali	53
	Several words, unknown to Sanskrit, but formed Sanskrit, coming into use	54
	Grammar of the pali Dialect	54
	The Noun : Masculine Nouns ending in अ	57
	Masculine Nouns in इ and उ	58
	Masculine Nouns in ऋ	58
	Masculine Nouns in a consonant	59
	Feminine Nouns	60
	Neuter Nouns	61
	Pronouns	61
	False Analogies or Generalisation : false ideas regarding some of these	64
	The Verb in Pali	65
	Terminations in Pali	66
	The Gramaar of Asoka Inscriptions : their	72
	place Examples of Asoka Inscriptions	73
	resemblance of some Inscriptions in Pali to Sanskrit	76
Lecture III	The Prakrits and the Apabhramsa	79-133
	Prakrits: Vararuci's Prakrtaprakasa; Hemacandra's kosa of Desi words	79
	Dandin : his Kavyadarsa; Setubandha; Vakpatiraja; Gaudavadhakavya	80
	General rule that the dramatic person should speak languages of the country to which he is supposed to belong	83
	Later dramatists : Sahityadarpaua	83
	Points of Difference between Maharastri and Sauraseni dialects	85
	Examples of above	88
	Ms. of Gaudavadha	89
	Phonetic changes common to pali and Prakrits	90
	Phonetic changes in the Prakrits	93
	Assimilation	98
	Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadh, Paisaci, Culika Paisci & c.	103
	The Grammar of Prakrits	105
	Masculine Nouns in अ in Prakrits	106
	Masculine Nouns in इ and उ Prakrits	106
	Masculine Nouns in ऋ in Prakrits	107
	Masculine None in अन , अत, (pres, Parti), वत, मत &c.	107
	Feminine and Neuter Nouns in prakrits	108
	Pronouns in Prakrits	108
	The prakrit Verb	112
	Conjugations	112
	Sadhyavastha and Siddhavastha dialects	116
	Thadbhava, Tatsama and Desya Words; their definitions	120
	Some Desva wordbecoming Tadhavavas	121
	The Apabhamsa	122
	An illustration of Apabhramsa	123
	The Phonology of Apabhramsa	124
	Declension of Apabhramsa	125
	Nouns in अ in Apbhamsa	125
	Nouns in इ or उ in Apabhramasa	128
	Feminine Nouns in apabhramsa	128
	Pronouns in Apabhramsa	130
	The verb in the Apabhramsa	131
Lecture IV	Phonology of the Vernaculars of Northern India	134-233
	Nine Principal Languages in India	135
	Nepali and Kashmiri not to be taken into account Old Hindi written in two dialects ; Difference between them	135
	Old Hindi Written in two dialects Difference between them	136
	Eight Principal Dialects in Northern India, instances of them	137
	Words derived from Sanskrit from the eight Dialects	141
	Distinction between the Vocabulary of the Vernaculars of N. India.	147
	Distinction between modern Tatsamas, Sanskrit & c.	148
	Three classes of Prakrit and newly constructed words	149
	Tracing the Vernaculars from Pali and prakrits	150
	Accent in Modern Vernaculars	172
	The suffix ka in Panini's time to indicate littleness & c.	180
	The original and Derivative Accents in the Vernaculars	182
	Accent in the Hindi	184
	Exceptions to the Above	185
	Accent in Gujarati	186
	Accent in Panjabi	186
	Accent in Sindhi	186
	Accent in Bengali and Oriya	186
	Accent on Vernacular Terminations	187
	Accent in Vernacular Compounds	187
	Avoiding of the Hiatus in the Vernaculars	188
	Consonantal changes in the Vernaculars	191
	Interchangeableness of certain Consonants	200
	Va of the Causal Terminations in the Vernaculars	207
	Treatment of Sanskrit Conjuncts in the Vernaculars	221
	Dentals changed to Palatals	225
	Assimilation of Members of Conjuncts	231
Lecture V	Remnants of the Older Grammatical Forms in the Northern Vernaculars	234 - 271
	Case terminations in the Vernaculars	234
	Pronouns in the Vernaculars	234
	Personal Pronouns in the Vernaculars	239
	Case terminations in the Vernaculars	240
	Verb in the Vernaculars	241
	Verbal Terminations: The Present	242
	Verbal Terminations: The Imperative	247
	Verbal Terminations: the Future	253
	The past tense in the Vernaculars	255
	The past Participle	255
	The Present Participle in the Vernaculars	260
	The Absolutive in the Vernaculars	261
	Infinitive of Purpose in the Vernaculars	262
	Potential participle in the Vernaculars	262
	Passive in Participle in the Vernaculars	263
	Causal in Participle in the Vernaculars	264
Lecture VI	New Grammatical Formations in the Northern Vernaculars	272-317
	The oblique forms	273
	The oblique form in the Marathi : Five ways of taking the Obsolete forms in Marathi	273
	The Oblique forms of Sindhi	275
	The Oblique forms of Punjabi	276
	The Oblique forms of Hindi	276
	The Oblique forms of Gujarati	276
	Absence of Oblique from in Bengali and Oriya	278
	Nature of the Oblique form	279
	Analysis of the Marathi Oblique Form	280
	Analysis of the Sindhi Oblique forms	281
	Hindi and Punjabi Oblique forms	281
	New Terminations in the Vernaculars	285
	Origin of ka in the Vernacular Terminations	286
	Origin of Sa in the Vernacular Terminaions	292
	The verbal forms	305
	The Future Tense	313
Lecture VII	Relations between Sanskrit, Pali, the Prakrits and the Modern Vernaculars	318-350
	The Vedic dialect lost a good deal of its words: "Middle Sanskrit"	318
	Pali the Sacred language of the Southern Buddhists	318
	Not great difference in the dialect: Prakrits coming into importance	319
	Certain scholars holding that the Prakrits were an artificiality; its refutation	319
	The present practice of Desastha Brahmanas	320
	Prakrits became literary and dead dialects like Sanskrit	322
	Were there various dialects in the Vedic times?	322
	Many uneducated persons using wrong English: instances	325
	The theory is utterly untenable; contemporaneous development of Sanskrit and Prakrits an impossibility	329
	Other objections – their refutation	330
	Positive evidence that Sanskrit was a spoken language the evidence of Yaska	332
	Panini and patanjali	332
	Sanskrit Grammar the best in the world	334
	Sanskrit Compounds in the language later writer using rather too many Sanskrit Compounds	335
	Traces of Sanskrit expressions showing that Sanskrit in colloquial use once existed	336
	Sanskrit was not the only language in the time of Katyayana and Patanjali; instances	337
	Patanjali's evidence	338
	Who were the Sistas without learning Panini's Grammar	341
	Characters in plays – Males and Females	345
	Sanskrit losing ground – after some times	345
	Chronology and historical changes of the same	347
	Pali people a foreign race?	347
	Pali continuing for a long time as the mother tongue	347
	Times of Asoka	348
	Dates of Panini, katyayana and Patanjali	349
	Prakrits coming into importance in the early centuries of the Christian era	350
	Apabhramsa in the sixth or seventh century; Dandin kalidasa	350
	Modern Vernaculars appearing about the tenth century, a Copper – plate Inscriptions of 1206 A.D.	350
	Author's Farewell	350
	List of Abbreviations	351
Index I	General Index	353
Index II	Index of Archaic and Obsolete Sanskrit Words	360
Index III	Index of Mythological Names	361
Index IV	Index of Ancient Writers and Works	362
Index V	Index of Modern Scholars	366
Index VI	Index of Sanskrit and other Words	369-400

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Wilson Philological Lectures: On Sanskrit and the Derived Languages (An Old and Rare Book)

by R. G. Bhandarkar

Item Code:

NAK150

Cover:

Paperback

Edition:

1974

Publisher:

Bhandarkar Oriental Research Insitute, Pune

Language:

English

Size:

9.5 inch x 6.5 inch

Pages:

406

Other Details:

Weight of the Book: 493 gms

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Contents

Lecture I	General Laws guiding the Development of Language: The different stages in the Development of Sanskrit	1-34
	Preliminary	1
	Sanskrit : its importance	3
	Phonetic decay	9
	Svasa : Nada	10
	False analogies	13
	Names of Objects	14
	Gradual disappearance of Words	16
	Three Languages of the World	17
	Three Varieties of Sanskrit	18
	Chief characteristics of Vedic Sanskrit; an example of Vedic Sanskrit	22
	Do – of Brahmana passage; its peculiarities	23
	The next stage of Sanskrit	23
	The petrified or nominal stage	24
	The nominal stage cultivated in philosophical writings	25
	Middle stage of writing : Sanskrit of Samkaracarya	26
	Change of style after samkaracarya	26
	Real style of Sanskrit	26
	Katyayana, his evidence about the Sanskrit style	27
	Conclusion that verbal form had been obsolete and participles were used in their place	30
	Places and rules in which Panini has become obsolete	32
	Conclusion from this	33
	Panini's Grammar contains the Middle Sanskrit and Katyayana's the Classical Sanskrit	34
Lecture II	Pali and the Dialects of the Period	35-78
	Sanskrit corrupted in course of time	36
	Examples from Pali	37
	Phonology of the Pali Dialect – Pronouncing a Conjunct	38
	Svasa: Nada	39
	No Pali consonants omitted by Pali speakers	44
	Exceptions to the above	45
	Changes of single consonants	46
	Matra	49
	Possible influence of aliens on language modification	53
	Assimilation of Consonants a universal rule in Pali	53
	Several words, unknown to Sanskrit, but formed Sanskrit, coming into use	54
	Grammar of the pali Dialect	54
	The Noun : Masculine Nouns ending in अ	57
	Masculine Nouns in इ and उ	58
	Masculine Nouns in ऋ	58
	Masculine Nouns in a consonant	59
	Feminine Nouns	60
	Neuter Nouns	61
	Pronouns	61
	False Analogies or Generalisation : false ideas regarding some of these	64
	The Verb in Pali	65
	Terminations in Pali	66
	The Gramaar of Asoka Inscriptions : their	72
	place Examples of Asoka Inscriptions	73
	resemblance of some Inscriptions in Pali to Sanskrit	76
Lecture III	The Prakrits and the Apabhramsa	79-133
	Prakrits: Vararuci's Prakrtaprakasa; Hemacandra's kosa of Desi words	79
	Dandin : his Kavyadarsa; Setubandha; Vakpatiraja; Gaudavadhakavya	80
	General rule that the dramatic person should speak languages of the country to which he is supposed to belong	83
	Later dramatists : Sahityadarpaua	83
	Points of Difference between Maharastri and Sauraseni dialects	85
	Examples of above	88
	Ms. of Gaudavadha	89
	Phonetic changes common to pali and Prakrits	90
	Phonetic changes in the Prakrits	93
	Assimilation	98
	Maharastri, Sauraseni, Magadh, Paisaci, Culika Paisci & c.	103
	The Grammar of Prakrits	105
	Masculine Nouns in अ in Prakrits	106
	Masculine Nouns in इ and उ Prakrits	106
	Masculine Nouns in ऋ in Prakrits	107
	Masculine None in अन , अत, (pres, Parti), वत, मत &c.	107
	Feminine and Neuter Nouns in prakrits	108
	Pronouns in Prakrits	108
	The prakrit Verb	112
	Conjugations	112
	Sadhyavastha and Siddhavastha dialects	116
	Thadbhava, Tatsama and Desya Words; their definitions	120
	Some Desva wordbecoming Tadhavavas	121
	The Apabhamsa	122
	An illustration of Apabhramsa	123
	The Phonology of Apabhramsa	124
	Declension of Apabhramsa	125
	Nouns in अ in Apbhamsa	125
	Nouns in इ or उ in Apabhramasa	128
	Feminine Nouns in apabhramsa	128
	Pronouns in Apabhramsa	130
	The verb in the Apabhramsa	131
Lecture IV	Phonology of the Vernaculars of Northern India	134-233
	Nine Principal Languages in India	135
	Nepali and Kashmiri not to be taken into account Old Hindi written in two dialects ; Difference between them	135
	Old Hindi Written in two dialects Difference between them	136
	Eight Principal Dialects in Northern India, instances of them	137
	Words derived from Sanskrit from the eight Dialects	141
	Distinction between the Vocabulary of the Vernaculars of N. India.	147
	Distinction between modern Tatsamas, Sanskrit & c.	148
	Three classes of Prakrit and newly constructed words	149
	Tracing the Vernaculars from Pali and prakrits	150
	Accent in Modern Vernaculars	172
	The suffix ka in Panini's time to indicate littleness & c.	180
	The original and Derivative Accents in the Vernaculars	182
	Accent in the Hindi	184
	Exceptions to the Above	185
	Accent in Gujarati	186
	Accent in Panjabi	186
	Accent in Sindhi	186
	Accent in Bengali and Oriya	186
	Accent on Vernacular Terminations	187
	Accent in Vernacular Compounds	187
	Avoiding of the Hiatus in the Vernaculars	188
	Consonantal changes in the Vernaculars	191
	Interchangeableness of certain Consonants	200
	Va of the Causal Terminations in the Vernaculars	207
	Treatment of Sanskrit Conjuncts in the Vernaculars	221
	Dentals changed to Palatals	225
	Assimilation of Members of Conjuncts	231
Lecture V	Remnants of the Older Grammatical Forms in the Northern Vernaculars	234 - 271
	Case terminations in the Vernaculars	234
	Pronouns in the Vernaculars	234
	Personal Pronouns in the Vernaculars	239
	Case terminations in the Vernaculars	240
	Verb in the Vernaculars	241
	Verbal Terminations: The Present	242
	Verbal Terminations: The Imperative	247
	Verbal Terminations: the Future	253
	The past tense in the Vernaculars	255
	The past Participle	255
	The Present Participle in the Vernaculars	260
	The Absolutive in the Vernaculars	261
	Infinitive of Purpose in the Vernaculars	262
	Potential participle in the Vernaculars	262
	Passive in Participle in the Vernaculars	263
	Causal in Participle in the Vernaculars	264
Lecture VI	New Grammatical Formations in the Northern Vernaculars	272-317
	The oblique forms	273
	The oblique form in the Marathi : Five ways of taking the Obsolete forms in Marathi	273
	The Oblique forms of Sindhi	275
	The Oblique forms of Punjabi	276
	The Oblique forms of Hindi	276
	The Oblique forms of Gujarati	276
	Absence of Oblique from in Bengali and Oriya	278
	Nature of the Oblique form	279
	Analysis of the Marathi Oblique Form	280
	Analysis of the Sindhi Oblique forms	281
	Hindi and Punjabi Oblique forms	281
	New Terminations in the Vernaculars	285
	Origin of ka in the Vernacular Terminations	286
	Origin of Sa in the Vernacular Terminaions	292
	The verbal forms	305
	The Future Tense	313
Lecture VII	Relations between Sanskrit, Pali, the Prakrits and the Modern Vernaculars	318-350
	The Vedic dialect lost a good deal of its words: "Middle Sanskrit"	318
	Pali the Sacred language of the Southern Buddhists	318
	Not great difference in the dialect: Prakrits coming into importance	319
	Certain scholars holding that the Prakrits were an artificiality; its refutation	319
	The present practice of Desastha Brahmanas	320
	Prakrits became literary and dead dialects like Sanskrit	322
	Were there various dialects in the Vedic times?	322
	Many uneducated persons using wrong English: instances	325
	The theory is utterly untenable; contemporaneous development of Sanskrit and Prakrits an impossibility	329
	Other objections – their refutation	330
	Positive evidence that Sanskrit was a spoken language the evidence of Yaska	332
	Panini and patanjali	332
	Sanskrit Grammar the best in the world	334
	Sanskrit Compounds in the language later writer using rather too many Sanskrit Compounds	335
	Traces of Sanskrit expressions showing that Sanskrit in colloquial use once existed	336
	Sanskrit was not the only language in the time of Katyayana and Patanjali; instances	337
	Patanjali's evidence	338
	Who were the Sistas without learning Panini's Grammar	341
	Characters in plays – Males and Females	345
	Sanskrit losing ground – after some times	345
	Chronology and historical changes of the same	347
	Pali people a foreign race?	347
	Pali continuing for a long time as the mother tongue	347
	Times of Asoka	348
	Dates of Panini, katyayana and Patanjali	349
	Prakrits coming into importance in the early centuries of the Christian era	350
	Apabhramsa in the sixth or seventh century; Dandin kalidasa	350
	Modern Vernaculars appearing about the tenth century, a Copper – plate Inscriptions of 1206 A.D.	350
	Author's Farewell	350
	List of Abbreviations	351
Index I	General Index	353
Index II	Index of Archaic and Obsolete Sanskrit Words	360
Index III	Index of Mythological Names	361
Index IV	Index of Ancient Writers and Works	362
Index V	Index of Modern Scholars	366
Index VI	Index of Sanskrit and other Words	369-400

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