The tribal people of India, with specific reference to Eastern India, are now passing through a process of rapid transformation. The rapid process of globalization, industrialization, urbanization, and the like has adversely impacted them. The recent rapid technological advancement and unrivalled economic and political strength of world capitalism have created conditions for the invasion and extraction of natural resources from tribal areas of Eastern India. The penetration of the market economy and the ongoing process of industrialization resulting in massive deforestation and resource depletion have completely destabilised the economy of these underprivileged and marginalized people. These have irretrievably mutilated the indigenous knowledge and distinguished the socio-cultural cognitive framework of the weaker sections. Against this backdrop, this book aims to bring in scholars from various disciplines of Eastern India whose work addresses the state of tribal transformation and development issues in the region. The present book is an outcome of a two-day OHEPEE-IDP sponsored National Seminar on "Tribal Transformation and Development in Eastern India", organised by the Department of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University organised from 20th -21 May 2023 at Baripada. It includes 14 articles covering multiple angles of tribal transformation and development, like (a) concept, theory and practice, (b) changes and assessment, (c) identity, aspirations and crisis, (d) tribal economy, (e) religion, rituals and festivals, (1) politics and movement, (g) status and empowerment of women, (h) development and dilemma, (i) socio-cultural dimensions, (1) demography, (k) health practices and hygiene, (1) growth and nutrition, (m) population dynamics and migration, (n) epidemiological transition etc. from anthropological as well as social sciences points of view,
The article by Manu Naik, Bhubaneswar Sabar, and Basanta Kumar Mohanta on "Sacred Groves and Biodiversity Conservation" describes the role of sacred groves in biodiversity conservation. It uses cases from the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India, which reveal that sacred groves have continued supporting the livelihood of the people of the studied village and preserving the local biodiversity. Since, due to cultural transformation, the institutions of sacred groves are under threat, they argue that cultural diversity preservation is paramount to preserving the sacred groves and local biodiversity together.
Harekrushna Behera attempts to discuss the Preservation and Revitalization of the Bhumij and Mundari Tribal Linguistic Heritage in the Mayurbhanj District of Odisha, which is suffering from the adverse impacts of language shift, language loss, and the consequent disconnection from cultural roots and the role of government agencies, educational institutions, community organizations, and individuals in supporting language preservation initiatives. Similarly, how the various factors are affecting the nutritional and health status of the Lodha children of Mayurbhanj are the focal points of discussion made by Debasmita Sendha, Raj Narayan Mohanty and Basanta Kumar Mohanta. Margadarsika Panda, Priyanka Das and Monali Goswami attempted to deliberate the Prevalence of Hypertension and its Determinants among the Tribal Population of India, where they discussed the various risk factors including increasing age, literacy, obesity, smoking, consumption of alcohol and tobacco and intake of additional salt etc. for it. The Reproductive Life History Events among the Tribal Women are the area of discussion by Subhalaxmi Baral and Monali Goswami where they discussed reproductive health, gaps in knowledge regarding the health of tribal women, health education etc. While in her work on ethno-medicinal uses of plants related to gynaecological problems, Subhadip Mandal and Sankar Paul discussed the differential patterns of childhood Anaemia prevalence in numerous Indian Regions and Mousumi Mishra discussed various types of plants and their use for curing gynaecological problems of the Munda people of Jajpur, Sitikantha Panda, Priyanka Das and Monali Goswami have discussed the various kinds of ethno-zoological practices among the Santal Tribe of Mayurbhanj. In a similar light, Subharaj Panda, Priyanka Das and Monali Goswami attempted to study the prevalence of undernutrition and morbidity patterns of the tribal children of India where they discussed the various clinical signs of malnutrition and morbidity patterns among children and a Review Study on the Maternal and Child Health Care Practices among the Tribal Women of India is made by Sujata Parida, Priyanka Das and Monali Goswami. Women are engaged in various activities in tribal societies. In her work, Sunita Barik discussed the life of the Santal tribe, the concept and importance of tribal empowerment, many indicators relating to women's empowerment among the Santal tribe of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha and the related challenges. The livelihood, transforming economy and the role of different groups in the life of Chhotanagpur's Adivasis is the content of the article by Ritu Sharma where she attempted to present various areas of livelihood, like agriculture, hunting, collection of forest products and role in other minor activities. The tribal people played an important role in India's freedom struggle. Anshuman Maharana tried to present different areas and factors relating to the Indian freedom struggle including exploitation, economic deprivation, ethno-political movement, against Christianization. Religion is one of the important aspects of tribal culture. In their article, Satyabrata Nayak and Laxman Kumar Sahoo attempted to present the distinct features of religious beliefs and practices among the Paroja People of Koraput District, Odisha.
The editors are thankful to Prof. Santosh Kumar Tripathy, Vice-Chancellor, MSCB University, Baripada and the Coordinator, IDP for guiding and providing financial support to the department for organising this seminar and publishing this proceeding. Thanks are also due to all the faculty members and the nonteaching members of the university for their support at various stages of organising the seminar and publishing the proceeding. We would also like to thank the paper presenters and contributors for their timely support. Finally, thanks to the Aayu Publications, Delhi for bringing out this volume.
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