Shiva as Nataraja - Dance and Destruction In Indian Art

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Shiva the Hindu god of destruction is also known as Nataraja, the Lord of Dancers (In Sanskrit Nata means dance and raja means Lord). The visual image of Nataraja achieved canonical form in the bronzes cast under the Chola dynasty in the tenth century AD, and then continued to be reproduced in metal, stone and other substances right up to the present times. The Chola Nataraja is often said to be the supreme statement of Hindu art.


62" Super Large Nataraja | Handmade | Madhuchista Vidhana (Lost-Wax) | Panchaloha Bronze from Swamimalai

The Symbolism of Nataraja's Dance

There is an interesting legend behind the conception of Shiva as Nataraja: In a dense forest in South India, there dwelt multitudes of heretical sages. Thither proceeded Shiva to confute them, accompanied by Vishnu disguised as a beautiful woman. The sages were at first led to violent dispute amongst themselves, but their anger was soon directed against Shiva, and they endeavored to destroy him by means of incantations. A fierce tiger was created in sacrificial fires, and rushed upon him; but smiling gently, he seized it and, with the nail of his little finger, stripped off its skin, and wrapped it about himself like a silken cloth. Undiscouraged by failure, the sages renewed their offerings, and produced a monstrous serpent, which however Shiva seized and wreathed about his neck like a garland. Then he began to dance; but there rushed upon him a last monster in the shape of a malignant dwarf. Upon him the god pressed the tip of his foot, and broke the creature’s back, so that it writhed upon the ground; and so, his last foe prostrate, Shiva resumed the dance.


Urdhva Tandav (Dancing Shiva) Tanjore Painting | Traditional Colors With 24K Gold | Teakwood Frame | Gold & Wood | Handmade | Made In India

To understand the concept of Nataraja we have to understand the idea of dance itself. Like yoga, dance induces trance, ecstasy and the experience of the divine. In India consequently, dance has flourished side by side with the terrific austerities of the meditation grove (fasting, absolute introversion etc.). Shiva, therefore, the arch-yogi of the gods, is necessarily also the master of the dance.


Nataraja in South Indian Culture

Shiva Nataraja was first represented thus in a beautiful series of South Indian bronzes dating from the tenth and twelfth centuries A.D. In these images, Nataraja dances with his right foot supported by a crouching figure and his left foot elegantly raised. A cobra uncoils from his lower right forearm, and the crescent moon and a skull are on his crest. He dances within an arch of flames. This dance is called the Dance of Bliss (anandatandava). These iconographic details of Nataraja are to be read, according to the Hindu tradition, in terms of a complex pictorial allegory:


49" Large Nataraja | Handmade | Madhuchista Vidhana (Lost-Wax) | Panchaloha Bronze from Swamimalai

The most common figures depict a four-armed Shiva. These multiple arms represent the four cardinal directions. Each hand either holds an object or makes a specific mudra (gesture). The upper right hand holds a hour-glass drum which is a symbol of creation. It is beating the pulse of the universe. The drum also provides the music that accompanies Shiva’s dance. It represents sound as the first element in an unfolding universe, for sound is the first and most pervasive of the elements. The story goes that when Shiva granted the boon of wisdom to the ignorant Panini (the great Sanskrit grammarian), the sound of the drum encapsulated the whole of Sanskrit grammar. The first verse of Panini’s grammar is in fact called Shiva sutra.


Siva (Shiva) Sutras The Yoga of Supreme Identity: Text of the Sutras and the Commentary Vimarsini of Ksemaraja

The hour-glass drum also represents the male and female vital principles; two triangles penetrate each other to form a hexagon. When they part, the universe also dissolves. The opposite hand, the upper left, bears on its palm a tongue of flames. Fire is the element of destruction of the world. According to Hindu mythology at the end of the world, it will be fire that will be the instrument of annihilation. Thus in the balance of these two hands is illustrated a counterpoise of creation and destruction. Sound against flames, ceaselessness of production against an insatiate appetite of extermination.

The second right hand is held in the abhaya pose (literally without fear) and so a gesture of protection, as an open palm is most likely to be interpreted. It depicts the god as a protector. The left leg is raised towards the right leg and reaches across it; the lower left hand is stretched across the body and points to the upraised left foot which represents release from the cycle of birth and death. Interestingly, the hand pointing to the uplifted foot is held in a pose imitative of the outstretched trunk of an elephant. In Sanskrit this is known as the ’gaja-hasta-mudra’ (the posture of the elephant trunk), and is symbolic of Ganesha, Shiva’s son, the Remover of obstacles.


57" Dancing Shiva | Nataraja | Large Shiva Tandava | Lord of The Dance | Brass Statue | Handmade | Made In India

Shiva dances on the body of a dwarf apasmara-purusha (the man of forgetfulness) who embodies indifference, ignorance and laziness. Creation, indeed all creative energy is possible only when the weight of inertia (the tamasic darkness of the universe) is overcome and suppressed. The Nataraja image thus addresses each individual to overcome complacency and get his or her own act together. The ring of fire and light, which circumscribes the entire image, identifies the field of the dance with the entire universe. The lotus pedestal on which the image rests locates this universe in the heart or consciousness of each person.

The Nataraja image is also eloquent of the paradox of Eternity and Time. It shows us that the reposeful ocean and the racing stream are not finally distinct. This wonderful lesson can be read in the significant contrast of the incessant, triumphant motion of the swaying limbs to the balance of the and the immobility of the mask-like countenance. Shiva is Kala, meaning time, but he is also Maha Kala, meaning “Great Time” or eternity. As Nataraja, King of dancers, his gestures, wild and full of grace, precipitate the cosmic illusion; his flying arms and legs and the swaying of his torso produce the continuous creation-destruction of the universe, death exactly balancing birth. The choreography is the whirligig of time. History and its ruins, the explosion of suns, are flashes from the tireless swinging sequence of the gestures. In the beautiful cast metal figurines, not merely a single phase or movement, but the entirety of this cosmic dance is miraculously rendered. The cyclic rhythm, flowing on and on in the unstayable, irreversible round of the Mahayugas, or Great Eons, is marked by the beating and stamping of the Master’s heels. But the face remains, meanwhile in sovereign calm.


Blue-Skinned Nataraja And Nandi Vanquishing Apasmara

Steeped in quietude, the enigmatic mask resides above the whirl of the four resilient arms and cares nothing for the superb legs as they beat out the tempo of the world ages. Aloof, in sovereign silence, the mask of god’s eternal essence remains unaffected by the tremendous display of his own energy, the world and its progress, the flow and the changes of time. This head, this face, this mask, abides in transcendental isolation, as a spectator unconcerned. Its smile, bent inward, filled with the bliss of self-absorption, subtly refutes, with a scarcely hidden irony, the meaningful gestures of the feet and hands. A tension exists between the marvel of the dance and the serene tranquillity of this expressively inexpressive countenance, the tension, that is to say, of Eternity and Time. The two, invisible and visible, are quintessentially the same. Man with all the fibers of his native personality clings to the duality; nevertheless, actually and finally, there is no duality.

Another aspect of Nataraja rich in a similar symbolism is his lengthy and sensuous hair. The long tresses of his matted hair, usually piled up in a kind of pyramid, loosen during the triumphant, violent frenzy of his untiring dance. Expanding, they form two wings, to the right and left, a kind of halo, broadcasting, as it were, on their magic waves, the exuberance and sanctity of vegetative, sensuous life. Supra-normal life-energy, amounting to the power of magic, resides in such a wildness of hair untouched by the scissors. The conceptualization here is similar to the legend of Samson who with naked hands tore asunder the jaws of a lion. His strength was said to reside in his hair.


Nataraja (Large Statue with Superfine Inlay Work)

Also central to understanding the symbolism behind Nataraja’s hair is the realization that much of womanly charm, the sensual appeal of the Eternal Feminine, is in the fragrance, the flow and luster of beautiful hair. On the other hand, anyone renouncing the generative forces of the vegetable-animal realm, revolting against the procreative principle of life, sex, earth, and nature, and entering upon the spiritual path of absolute asceticism, has first to be shaved. He must simulate the sterility of an old man whose hairs have fallen and who no longer constitutes a link in the chain of generation. He must coldly sacrifice the foliage of the head.

The tonsure of the Christian priest and monk is a sign of this renunciation of the flesh. (Clergymen of denominations in which marriage is not considered incompatible with the saintly office do not wear a tonsure.) These “Worthy Ones”, representing the victory of yoga-spirituality, have overcome all seduction by their taking of the monastic vows and following of the ascetic formula. With their voluntary baldness they have broken through to the peace beyond the seasons of growth and change. Thus by donning long, luxurious hair, Shiva dispels the notion of the conventional ascetic and reiterates that the image of Nataraja assimilates and harmonizes within itself apparently contradictory and conflicting aspects.

Shiva is thus two opposite things: archetypal ascetic and archetypal dancer. On the one hand he is total tranquillity-inward calm absorbed in itself, absorbed in the void of the Absolute, where all distinctions merge and dissolve, and all tensions are at rest. But on the other hand he is total activity- life’s energy, frantic, aimless and playful. The Nataraja image represents not simply some event in the mythic life of a local deity but a universal view in which the forces of nature and the aspirations and limitation of man confront each other and are blended together. The curator of the Indian collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art has rightly written that: "If one had to select a single icon to represent the extraordinarily rich and complex cultural heritage of India, the Shiva Nataraja might well be the most remunerative candidate."

Key Takeaways


  • Nataraja is one of the most iconic forms of Lord Shiva and is depicted as the cosmic dancer who performs the dance of creation, preservation, and destruction.

  • The Nataraja form of Lord Shiva is characterized by his four arms, matted hair, third eye, and his dance posture with one leg lifted and the other resting on a demon or dwarf.

  • The Nataraja dance is symbolic of the eternal cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction and represents the cosmic energy or Shakti.

  • The Nataraja form of Lord Shiva is also associated with the arts, particularly dance, music, and poetry.

  • The Nataraja form of Lord Shiva has been depicted in various art forms such as sculptures, paintings, and even in modern art.

  • The Nataraja form of Lord Shiva is particularly revered in South India, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu, where it is considered as the state emblem.

  • The Chidambaram temple in Tamil Nadu is considered as the most important shrine of Lord Nataraja and is believed to be the place where Lord Shiva performed the cosmic dance for the first time.

  • The symbolism of Nataraja has also been used in modern times to represent various ideas such as environmentalism, quantum physics, and even social justice.

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  • hello sir,i have an old antique statue of natraja,i am curious to know about that statue which may be belongs from may be 10th or 12th century i am not sure about that exactly but its from an ancient period.i want to sell that statue and if you have any buyer i am interested to sell that statue.i can also send the video of that statue if you are interested to buy or you have any buyers. i hope i will soon receive your text back....thank you
    Nurbu Sherpa July 27, 2020
  • music is ur special friend, dance on fire as it intends! thanks for education, see us on main
    soit25 July 23, 2013
  • OHM namasivaya can you synthsize two aspects LORD NATARAZA/LORD SIVALINGAM Can you cite vedic mention please. Pl post me on YOUR REGULAR UPDATES(EMAIL) PRANAM
    dr kasi viswanath chappiti & mr October 03, 2010
  • Thank you so much for this wonderful description of Shiva Nataraja - this is an image that has jumped out at me since I was a child, and I'm in the process of designing a tattoo to go on my back as I love to dance! I never knew the dance of destruction & creation before, and it really fits, so all the more reason to give up my skin as an offering to Shiva.
    James June 14, 2009
  • shiva nataraja is dancing in everybodys hearts. this exposure of the symbolism and meaning is invaluable as it can only further reinforce the fundamentals and passion that burn in all devotees. namasivaya
    sathia govender February 15, 2008
  • Hi, Any once can cite the source of the "legend behind the conception of Shiva as Nataraja.." mentioned in the article? A Purana? Thank you.
    Gopi January 16, 2008
  • Oh you know how happy I am that you posted this. It is very inspiring for children sice they need to know more about their culture well I'm a single parent and I have 6 chidren and you know it is very hard to teach all of them things about my mother INDIA. So in conclusion thatnk you all and Namaskaar!
    Anu Chouhary November 13, 2006
  • i never knew siva had so much power and intelligent expressions in the symbols depictrd by his dance. Thanks for the explanation. its an excellent piece.
    ifeanyi January 21, 2006
  • I was looking for a good desciption and tis was it, I am a vampire and therefore going into my history, i found this best represents it. Thank you so much.
    Nienna Ancalimon October 17, 2005
  • Ok
    anonymous February 01, 2005