Indian people living in the northwestern part of India and beyond constructed towns like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira, and Rakhigarhi, among others, from time immemorial in the Sindhu-Sarasvati Doab (SSD). They primarily used copper, but not iron. They were literate and worshiped gods similar to Hindu gods. They employed metrology and scales akin to those of the ancient Hindus. Their skulls resemble those of the people from historic Ujjain (Ujjayinī) and modern U.P. Brahmaņas. They lived in Lothal around 1100 BCE and appeared to worship the fire god Agni. They constructed stupas for their honored dead. Who were these Chalcolithic Sindhu-Sarasvatī people (CSS people, Chalcolithic Indus People, the Harappans)? This writer has tried to answer this burning question for 100 years.
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