About the Book
The present work on the Liberals (who were heirs to the tradition of politicians formerly known as the Moderates) in Indian politics is based on the author's Doctoral dis-sertation and concentrates on the years between 1919 and 1937. It seeks to examine the prevalent view about Liberals as only playing the role of mediators between the British Government and the Congress. The work. brings into limelight their useful role as legislators. The Swarajist appropriation of the title to opposition in the Legislature has also been questioned. The role of the Liberals in the difficult process of constitution making which led to the passing of the Government of India Act of 1935 has been examined. The work emphasizes that their philosophies termed as obsolete, their role dismissed as those of mere stooges of British Imperialism (with Mahatma Gandhi's advent in Indian politics), the Liberals, true to their principles and seeking to do their utmost for the country, ultimately became poor victims of circumstances over which they had very little control.
About the Author
A student of Presidency College, Calcutta, Dr. (Mrs.) Hasi Banerjee did her M.A in History from the University of Calcutta and took her Ph.D. from the same University in 1977. Formerly a lecturer at Jogamaya Devi College, at present she is Reader in History at the University of Calcutta.
Preface
The present work is a much abridged form (due mainly to exigencies of publication) of my Ph.D. thesis entitled "Political Activity of the Liberal Party in India, 1919-37". The difficulties of finding a publisher for an academic dissertation considerably delayed its publication. The work is a study on the activity of the Indian Liberal Party since its inception in the year 1918. Two other earlier major works on the subject are Dr B. D. Shukla's 'A History of the Indian Liberal Party', (Allahabad, 1960) and Dr. R. T. Smith's "The Liberals in the Indian Nationalist Movement 1919-47: Their Role as Intermediaries', an unpublished doctoral dissertation, (Berkley, California, 1964). The former work may be treated rather as a general history on the period than any special study on the Liberals. In the latter work emphasis has been laid mainly upon the role of the Liberals as mediators. It has been the author's attempt to show from the very outset that at a time when the Gandhian Non-cooperation had captured the field, the only role forced upon those who differed from him in political views and tactics was that of mediators between two extremes in Indian politics -the Congress and the Government, both inside and outside the Legislature. They could no longer assume the leadership of the nationalist movement.
Introduction
THE LIBERALS AND THEIR CREED
THE TRADITION OF liberalism in Indian politics is much older than the emergence of the liberals as a separate parliamentary party in its public life. This liberal trend in Indian politics can be traced back to the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.
The fundamental article of that liberal tradition was loyalty to the British Raj. The Liberals never underrated the enormous benefits of British rule in India-the inestimable benefit of peace and security, law and order, English education and works of public utility. The whole political literature of the period bears testimony to this profound sense of gratitude for the innumerable blessings of the British Raj.
'Would there have been an India but for the almost providential intervention of the British?"
They were effusive in their expression of loyalty to the Throne. Surendranath Banerjee said at Poona in 1895: "To England we look for inspiration and guidance. To England we look for sympathy in the struggle. From England must come the crowning mandate which will enfranchise our people. England is our political guide and moral preceptor in the exalted sphere of political duty. English history has taught us those principles of freedom which we cherish with our life blood. We have been fed upon the strong food of English constitutional freedom".1
The liberals were thus full of gratitude for all the good that the British did in India consciously or unconsciously. In fact, 'the ideal of the Liberal party in India was...to unite highest patriotic devotion to the country with an equally enthusiastic attachment to the Crown.2