Need and Nature of International Organization.
Individual human beings are usually known by their respective nationalities. Hence we are either Indians or Iranians, Japanese or Germans, French or Fijians. But we cannot keep this national identity totally exclusive. Developing mutual contacts, handling crisis situations, ensuring peaceful coexistence, resolving common problems and working for global prosperity these and many other needs call for organized efforts across national boundaries. Hence arose the necessity of international organizations.
In fact many of us do not always realize how in our simple day-to-day activities we depend on organizations that do not belong to a single nation. An air letter, a faxed message, an overseas relief that we may receive or send all have the supportive services of one in international body or the other-the Universal Postal Union (UPU) or International Telecommunications Union (ITU) or the International Red Cross. Even our sovereign states cannot do without approaching. international organizations like the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for global weather information, the International Monetary fund (IMF) for financial assistance in times of foreign exchange crisis or the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for settling disputes say of fishing in other's maritime zone. States are also affected by the action of such bodies as Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) when it fixes the quantity and price of oil or the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) when it suspects clan-destine nuclear experiments and wants to inspect closely guarded establishments.
In other words, international organizations have become indispensable for the modern nation state. This is because nations must collaborate for their mutual benefit and they must also accept some agreed rules to restrain their conduct so that stability of the international society is not jeopardised. To help themselves in this twin task of collaboration and self-restraint, nations set up international organizations and invest them with various functions. Broadly they are
1. Articulation and aggregation of interests-Since nation states operate within an international system, they have definite views about the manner in which the system should be maintained. They would also react to anything that is likely to challenge the system. Some of them may even want to change the system if they find it useless or frustrating. Anyway they need a forum to make their demands explicit, to express their concerns and to generate collective pressures to get things done. A suitable international organization provides the opportunity for nations to articulate their interests and mobilise support of others. The objective is to create a consensus so that their chances of getting what they want are maximized, Members of multilateral organizations therefore tend to form interest groups in order to amplify their voice and direct it to wider audience. In other words, if citizens speak through the Nation states, the latter speak through intermational organizations. It should be noted, however, that any and every crude demand may not cut much ice. Once interests are aggregated, parochial views get ironed out. A sort of collective awareness then emerges about vital issues of the day.
2. Communication-International organizations provide effective channels of communication. They act as transmitters of various messages emanating from nations to the world community. A diplomatic despatch or a public oration or reports of a fact finding mission clarify issues that otherwise remain hazy. International organizations also act as receivers of feedback from their members. That helps them determine the nature of expectations made of them as well as the degree of responsiveness of different members to their action plans. The present century has been going through an information revolution. Hence reports of any sudden flare-up or a disaster can reach with lightening speed any corner of the world. What is necessary, therefore, is to have some organization always on the alert. In normal times such organizations can act as a clearing house of information and facilitate further communication among interested members.
3. Norm setting-Members who join an international organization are exposed to certain sets of values or norms of behaviour. They are induced to follow them as a standard or model code of conduct.
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