Articles by Baruna Goswami

The Puranas are widely revered Hindu spiritual texts. They comprise descriptions of the universe, from its creation to destruction. The Puranas also include the origins of various deities, kings, idols, and sages. Some of the Puranas preach cosmology, geography, and Hindu ideology. These holy texts tell us mythological stories of gods and goddesses. You can learn about the deities like Shiva, Vishnu, Parvati, Durga, etc, from the sacred text of Purana. As per legends, the Puranas are based on five matters or facts. These are the preliminary creation of the universe, secondary creation after systematic collapse, the origin of gods and patriarchs, the regimes of the Manus, considered the first humans, and the history of the various dynasties. There are a total of 18 main Puranas, also known as Mahapuranas. Each Purana tells stories ranging from mythology to geographic narrations. Let’s go through the origin, significance & different types of Hindu Puranas.

The Hindu iconography enables us to identify the respective deities in their visual or sculptural presentations. The symbolism also connects the deities with a distinct characteristic or discipline. Some major symbols in Hinduism are the Swastika, Om, Trishula, Shanka, lotus flower, Lingam, and lamp. In Hinduism, images are notable tools of devotion and prayer. And iconology is the analysis of the symbols in a sacred image. These images are created from wood, stone, metal, or painted on paper or cloth. Vedas are the origins of all principles of Indian culture. Hindu deities in various forms are praised in the Vedas. Their icons or idols are mentioned in the eulogies of Vedas. Besides, different sects of Brahmin religion, such as Shaivite, Vaishnavism, Shakt, and Solar, belong to Siva, Vishnu, Shakti, and Sun deities respectively. In the same way, Jain and Buddhism are related to Tirthankaras and Buddhas.

Before we search for the best history books on modern India, it is crucial to know which period of Indian history is considered to be modern. India has a vast history enriched with various social & political hegemony. So it is quite difficult to periodize the exact time that we can define as the modern historical period. There was the Vedic era, Hindu, Buddhist & Mughal era followed by the British Raj, but none indicates the beginning of the modern era. However, with the establishment of British rule, people were inclined towards Western education. This trend developed the knowledge of citizenship, people’s rights, administration, social security, etc among them. This new wave gave birth to a social reformation in India that became the approach towards modern India.

Ancient Buddhist art was started in present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The time was a few centuries after Lord Buddha lived in this land, 6th to 5th century BCE. Buddhist art is a sacred illustration created in the context of Buddhism. The famous arts include portrayals of Gautama Buddha and other bodhisattvas. Prominent Buddhist sculptures, both historical and mythical, narrate backgrounds from their lives. Besides, Mandala art and other physical objects related to the practice of Buddhism are equally popular. Some of these sacred objects are vajras, bells, stupas, and Buddhist temple architecture.