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Book Description
From The Jacket
The history of the Vijayanagara empire was recovered considerably through the effort of R. Sewell in early nineteenth century.
However, his work, A forgotten Empire was mainly based on Portuguese chronicle. Though an excellent work, it neglected the
evidence available in various forms of literature. The subsequent works also failed to exploit the indigenous sources and hence
were unable to fill up the many gaps which epigraphy had left in reconstructing the history of his glorious empire.
The present volume consists of extracts from hitherto untapped source – various Sanskrit and Telugu works bearing on the history
of the Empire. A constructive study of these sources goes a long way in correcting the chronicles in many places and conveys
information which would make a fuller history of the empire of Vijayanagara possible. Many of these are unpublished manuscripts,
rare publications and works out-of-print. Each of the extract has been provided, with an English introduction which, though not a
faithful translation, contains a summary of the historical facts.
Besides the obvious value of these extracts, they also throw considerable light on the possible of various subordinate families of
this work, it is hoped, would show the Vijayanagara empire in a proper setting, in respect of its character and significance in the
history of India.
Preface
The collection that follows is primarily the work of Mr. A. Rangaswami Sarasvati, B.A. University Research student, working under
me. As he had done some work in this line before obtaining the University studentship, he was set to make a systematic collection
of all passages in both Telugu and Sanskrit literature, bearing upon the history of the Empire of Vijayanagara. His collection was
found to be of considerable value and the Syndicate of the University of Madras sanctioned publication, by the University of
selected passages under my editorship. Of the historical value of reference in literature generally Sir George Grierson says in a
latter to me: “I cordially agree with you in the importance you attach to casual references in non-historical Indian literature. These
have too often been neglected by students, and they not uncommonly afford historical data which cannot be found elsewhere.”
Several passages in the following collection offer very good illustration of this position. The extracts are taken from unpublished
work the works laid under contribution have so far been but very imperfectly exploited for the purpose. The introduction will give
an idea of the salient features of this collection. The work of the student deserves commendation.
The course of his work was much facilitated by the ready assistance that he always received from the Librarian and the staff of the
Government Oriental Manuscript Library. In the present stage of manuscripts cataloguing in this part of the present stage of
manuscripts cataloguing in this part of the country much has to be left for change. A few of the most important among the works
laid under contribution in the following selection are found to be in the libraries but not catalogued. While, therefore, the collection
presented here may, from our present knowledge of manuscripts, considered fairly exhaustive, it will not be surprising at all if many
more come to light through the active work of the various search parties that are out at work from the Government Manuscript
Library now. When practically the whole work was in type, the student lighted upon the work Sivatattvaratnakara from which three
excerpts, throwing new light upon the later history of Vijayanagara, are made. If other works like this should be forthcoming, it need
not cause any surprise at all.
In the work of selecting and editing, I had thought the willing assistance of the student himself which rendered the work much less
onerous to me than it would otherwise have been. It only remains to acknowledge the assistance rendered in proof-reading by the
other Research student of mine, Mr. R. Satyanatha, R.A. (Hons.), and the excellent work of the Government Press in putting the
matter through the press. Those interested in historical research will surely feel grateful to the Madras University Syndicate for their
enlightened policy in promoting the publication of this work, which, let me hope, is but the beginning of a long series to come.
Introduction
A History of The Empire of Vijayanagar from Original Sources.
The history of the empire of Vijayanagar, which till recently was as good lost to us, was recovered through the efforts of Mr. R.
Sewell, whose work in South Indian Archaeology and Epigraphy naturally gave him the qualifications to take up the work. He
brought out his work’ A Forgotten Empire’ of Vijayanagar early in 1900 based upon his previous knowledge of the antiquities of the
Madras Presidency, and of the information he derived from two Portuguese chronicles which were unearthed in the archives of
Lisbon, and which he translated and appended to his work. Excellent as the work was for the time, and for the neglect of the
evidence available in various forms in literature which go a in respect of that history. These source
are collection together in the following pages and they will speak for themselves. A constructive study of these goes a long way in
correcting the chronicles in many places, and conveys information which would make a fuller history of the Empire of Vijayanagar
possible. It is these untapped sources only that are brought together in the following extracts from various works, Sanskrit and
Telugu principally, which bear on the particular period. Many of these are taken from manuscript and published works now out of
print. Some of the passages extracted are taken from works which may be available, but not in a form that would be useful to
students not acquainted with Telugu. There is besides the advantage of these being brought together in a collection which
otherwise it would be possible for one to get at only by voluminous reading. Each one of these extracts is provided with an English
introduction which without pretending to be a literal translation of the passage, contains a faithful summary of the historical facts
traceable in the extracts.
I. Kumara Kampana’s Conquests
It would be useful in this introduction to draw attention to those salient features of the history of Vijayanagar which these extracts
either bring to light for the first time or clear up from the mist that surrounded them in various ways. None of these throws any light
upon the actual circumstances under which the empire was founded. But the first problem that suggested itself to the reader of the
history Vijayanagar, as we had hitherto known it, what exactly was the political condition of the south, and how the southern state
were gathered together under Vijayanagar. The extracts from the work ‘Kamparayacharitam’ or ‘Madhura Vijayam’ (since published
in Trivandrum), by Gangadevi, wife of Kampana, throws the much needed light upon this dark spot. Various other works confirm
what this single poem has to say regarding this matter. Of these latter, mention must be made of the Telugu Jaimini Bharatam, the
Sanskrit works Saluva-abhyudayam and Rama-abhydayam and the Acharya Soktimuktavali. All these join in saying that Kumara
Kampana, son of Bukka Raya, one of the five brothers who founded Vijayanagar, proceeded from his viceregal headquarters at
Mulbagal into the Tondamandalam country, them under the rule of a dynasty of Sambuva Rayans who sprang into importance in
the dismembered Chola Empire. In this good work he was assisted by the Brahman general Gopana, and Saluva Mangu, the
ancestor of the usurper Saluva Narasimha, the most distinguished of a body of distinguished generals. These together swept the
country clear of the Mussalman garrison throughout the localities, killed the Muhammandan governor at Madura, and restored the
temple of Srirangam, to its former condition by repairing the damages that it had suffered in the series of Muhammadan raids that
took place for well-night half a century. The idol of Ranganatha which has a long journey to various location for safety was
ultimately restored to its own home.
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