MAHAPARINIRVANA BUDDHA

A reformation in Buddhism at the beginning of our era led to the formation of a new branch known as Mahayana Buddhism. It distinguished itself from the ego-oriented Theravada Buddhism (the original Buddhism), with its arhats (someone who attains salvation) and Pratyeka Buddha (someone who became an arhat without anyone’s help or guidance). The fellow-human oriented Mahayana Buddhism introduced the divine helpers or bodhisattvas who appear on the path to liberation. A bodhisattva is a being (sattva) who has reached enlightenment (bodhi), or nirvana, but who delays entry into parinirvana out of compassion for muddle-headed humanity. Bodhisattvas help people and guide the deceased to heaven. The concept of Bodhisattva was founded upon a significant event in Gautama Buddha’s life. When Siddharta left his home, he had wanted to take his son Rahula with him. But he couldn\'t do it as the mother’s hand lay protectively over the child. After many years of the inward storm, he won his reconciliation with life when he rediscovered the depth of humanity in that protecting gesture of the mother’s hand even in sleep. And so he said, “As a mother protects her only son, so let everyone cultivate a boundless compassion towards all that has life.” It is this great and enduring compassion that shifts the emphasis from the Hinayana (Theravada Buddhism) ideal of Arhat who seeks enlightenment for himself to that of the Bodhisattva who does not cease striving till the whole world is guided by him towards enlightenment. As long as there is suffering, the bodhisattvas will remain. Here let us look at some of the important bodhisattvas and their depiction in various cultures.

Ekadashamukha is an Eleven-faced manifestation of Avalokiteshvara in Buddhism. He is considered one of the six principal forms of the Bodhisattva that relieves all sentient beings from the six realms of material existence; the realm of Devas, the realm of Asuras, the realm of hungry ghosts, the hell realm, the animal realm, and the human realm. Ekadashamukha is believed to save those in the Asura realm.

In many Buddhist traditional arts, Yama is depicted as a wrathful being holding the wheel of life or Samsara, known as “Bhavachakra” in his hands and between the jaws. It represents the cycle of birth and death and the impermanence of this world. The innermost circle of the wheel has a pig, a rooster, and a snake that represent the three poisons of ignorance, attachment, and envy. It explores his depiction in art and literature, often represented with a noose and riding a buffalo. Additionally, the article touches on cultural beliefs surrounding Yama, including rituals and practices intended to honor him and seek his protection. Overall, Yama is presented as a complex character, embodying the themes of mortality, justice, and the afterlife in Hindu mythology.